How I Will Save the Planet Essay

The problem of saving the planet is nowadays very urgent. Global warming, pollution of the great oceans – these things are undoubtedly influencing or lives and might erase us, human beings, from the surface of the earth. Totally. And very soon. Mother Nature cannot stand or our behavior anymore and now it is time for us to think about our future. All the processes which have been launched already of course cannot be reversed or even stooped, but we can and we must slow them down in order to spend a few more decades here, on the planet Earth. The problem is – even the majority is not enough to save the planet, only all together we can save ourselves. Yes, exactly â€Å"ourselves† but not â€Å"the planet†, because as George Carlin, a popular American comic says: â€Å"the planet is fine! † – It is more than 4,5 billiard years old and it would be strange if it might be destroyed by us, who appeared only about sixty thousand years ago. It is more likely that the planet will get rid of us and after a thousand or maybe a million years of tranquil rehabilitation, some new forms of life will appear. And the process as we can notice is going forward at a steady gait – last winter was extremely cold, and the summer was so hot that forests were totally burning out and harvests were negligibly small. And what is going to happen this winter? Will it be warm and snowless, or it will be minus sixty in the street and we will not be able even to go and by some bread? And next summer? It may be quite normal for our climatic zone and may be far more outstanding than previous one. The most horrifying fact is that weather patterns are becoming more and more unpredictable which endangers our existence here†¦ But that is enough for the preamble, now I am going to speak about what I will do to at least postpone the global catastrophe. First of all, let us think about the very phrase â€Å"to save the planet†. Of course, it does notconcern that you will invent time machine and go back to the past and kill the inventors of internal-combustion engine, oil extraction and aerosol. It also does not mean that you must join the Greenpeace Organization and picket in the streets with high-sounding banners in your hands. There are lots of tiny things, which compose the whole picture of ecology today and you can improve this picture by changing your lifestyle a little. I, for example, will never spoil much water while washing the dishes – I’ll go to the local store and get a plug for about one USD and it will make the water more clear, because small amounts of water are easier and cheaper to filtrate. Taking a shower I will switch it off when I am soaping myself – I really do not need it! I will go by foot instead of taking a bus or taxi, in cases when I’m not in a hurry. Actually I do need a car, but I will use ecologically friendly patrol as, for example, Pulsar fuel, which obeys EURO-4 ecological standard, instead of using ecologically hostile patrol. And if I have the money, I will by a hybrid car – actually what is bad about half an engine being electronic? I think it is very good! Unfortunately, I smoke. And I imagine how harmful it is both for my health and for the surrounding environment – not only cigarettes disperse hundreds of harmful gases and matters to the atmosphere, but also lighters emit gas and, being made of plastic, are also very hard to recycle. So I will soon try the new technology of electronic cigarettes – each of them can be used many times, they do not contain tars and other harmful matters and their smoke is actually a water steam, which doesn’t harm both your organism and the atmosphere. Actually, I can say that even now I am saving the planet – maybe I do one thousandth part of what I must do, but it is already better than nothing! All light bulbs in my house are energy saving. I also do not take plastic bags in supermarkets – I always carry everything in my bag. My mp3 player is accumulator-operated, so I do not use and throw out hundreds of batteries every year. I wash all my clothes only in the washing machine once a month, so I do not spoil much water on washing. I use roll-on deodorants instead of spraying ones – It is my tiny contribution into the protection of the ozone layer. I prefer cotton clothes, and do not often by synthetic things – maybe I do it for my own reasons, but it is in any case better than making Mother Nature recycle one T-shirt for hundreds of years! I also always buy drinks in glass bottles, which can be used several times or aluminum cans and tetra-packs which are both easy to recycle. We also have an electric stove plate which is far more ecological than gas cooker. Unfortunately, saving the planet is unreal at the present point in time. We too long have been spoiling it and it is very horrible to realize that in a couple of years we are going to be erasedby severe climatic apocalypse. And it’s really inevitable for everyone to understand it and try to stop this parasitizing in order to secure our future, and the future of our children. Simple, and at first sight, insignificant things have brought us to the great crisis, and the same simple things may save us. Is not it easy to plug your sink while washing the dishes or to use energy saving bulbs, energy saving fuel and washing machines? It is. Is there so much economy in buying plastic bottles, which need hundreds of years to decompose? No, there is not. So I will  do everything I can to save the planet! And how about you?

Elections and Democracy

Elections have widely been accepted as major tool for expressing the will of the people about the political government in a democratic state. It can be said that elections are a form of direct democracy as well as a democratic highway to a representative government .The concept of democracy, electoral systems and political parties is cardinal to the modern state but at the same time difficult to define. This assignment will attempt to explain these concepts and amplify the significance of electoral systems as a key pre requisite for democracy.Elections and Democracy Commenting on the concept of democracy, Makinda held that democracy can be seen as: â€Å"†¦ a way of government firmly rooted in the belief that people in a society should be free to determine their own political, social, economic and cultural systems.†1 From the aforegoing, it can be said that the concept of democracy is used to describe a political system designed to widen the participation of ordinary citi zens in government, the powers of which are clearly defined and limited. The building pillars of any democratic political systems remain without any doubt, elections which are seen as the most critical and visible means through which all citizens can peacefully choose or remove their leaders,2 In other words, elections are the principal instruments that compel or encourage policy makers to pay attention to the electorate (citizens)3 It follows that in a democratic dispensation elections require the existence of a system that allows citizens to make a political decision by voting for competing candidates fielded by various political parties holding divergent views and providing different alternatives .In this case, political opposition is held to be legal, legitimate and somewhat necessary because there will be no real test of the competence of the ruling party without the opposition in elections. It is generally agreed among political scientists that one of the key elements of a hea lthy democracy is the existence of an enduring opposition that critically checks the day to day activities of the ruling party.4 The opposition parties point out defects in the ruling parties’ public policies and make alternative proposals hoping that the voters will entrust them with power in four ,five or six years’ time. The opposition takes on the role of essentially being a government in waiting.5 It can be said that in any  political system the litmus test for democracy will be by default ,the peaceful changeover of the reins of governmental power with the opposition winning elections and constituting a government with the ruling party quietly accepting the result and not responding with violence and intimidation .A notable case is that of Zimbabwe, where the ruling party accepted its defeat in the first round of the elections of March 2008 with trepidation and almost immediately resorting to absurd retribution .6 It is with this in mind that the electoral syst em of any state takes centre stage .whether it allow the general populance to exercise their choice during elections or the system favours those currently in power. Electoral SystemsAt its 51st session in June 2002, the Venice Commission for Democracy through Law adopted a number of standards which define the democratic running of elections. These were summarised in a CODE OF GOOD PRACTICE IN ELECTORAL MATTERS (Guidelines and Explanatory Report).7 These European standards were formulated in two groups; the first group, Principles of Europe’s Electoral Heritage, includes five basic principles which are universal suffrage, equal suffrage, secret vote and direct elections .The European commission further adds the characteristic ‘periodical elections’ to the five principles.8. The second group is conditions for implementing the principals mentioned in the first group .These include: respect for fundamental rights, high regulatory level and stability of objective elec toral law ,procedural guarantees containing organization of elections by an independent body, observers at elections and an effective system of appeal . Based on the principles mentioned and the absolutely necessary conditions for implementing these principles, the Commission made the following very bold conclusion: â€Å"†¦ Electoral System. Within the respect of the above mentioned principles, any electoral system may be chosen.9. It is very clear that elections and the functions performed thereby are vital and hence require systemizing and institutionalizing. This is achieved through the electoral system. The electoral system thus consists of the legal rules, techniques and framework whereby voters express their political will by casting votes for the purpose of constituting the representative government bodies in a state. Therefore a balanced election system which contains and implements the principles of universal, equal and direct suffrage with secret voting is a mandato ry  technique of establishing and maintaining a democratic state. The electoral system is thus a critical factor in that it puts into motion the principles of Election Law as a branch of the effective objective law of the state.In applying any type of electoral system to a state, the following factors have to be analysed and answered: I. The legal and technological aspect: Finding the formula and legal techniques which will ensure those who are governed are best represented in the public authority institutions, in the process assimilating them into â€Å"those who govern†. The question would therefore be how to achieve proportionality of the votes cast and the mandates they are converted into having at the same time a stable government? II. The political aspect: How to have the election system reflect accurately the separate exercise of power in the state and promote citizen’s interest at the same time?The heart of democracy in a state depends on the implementation o f an electoral system because the will of the sovereign people designates through election of legitimate representatives who in turn are responsible before the people and supervise the Executive and the Judiciary and are responsible before the electorate in periodical and definitive elections.Types of Electoral Systems Electoral systems are by no means uniform and identical and the selection of one type or a combination of electoral system depends on a number of important variables. The legal theory10 ascertains that the general indicators of the election system are in two categories; the first category includes those factors which concern the election organization, implementation and procedures of the elections; these include the constituencies, the qualification of candidates and methods of voting.The second category provides for the rules related to the counting of the votes and the distribution of mandates that is, the valuation of given votes. When considering the different ele ctoral systems practiced in different countries, this paper will mainly concentrate on the second category (on the distribution of mandates) because this the defining factor of the electoral system and according to Professor Drumeva, it runs in two stages: The first stage is the distribution of mandates between the constituencies that is  implemented before the voting, in most cases, is a subject of legislation.The second stage is the distribution of mandates between the participating political parties/ and independent candidates if it is foreseen, the second stage is the decisive one.11 Electoral systems are broadly grouped into major categories with their own variations: the plurality system, the majority system and the proportional representation system.Plurality System Also known as the first-past-the-post or winner-takes-all system originated in Medieval England and has a centuries old history. This system is based on territorially demarcated single member constituencies, wit h the candidate or party getting the greater number of votes winning in only one round even if the proportion of votes does not constitute a majority.12The electoral system currently used in Zambia is modeled on the plurality system. Articles 63(2)13 and 77(1)14 of the Constitution of Zambia15confirm that the Parliamentary elections and based on direct adult franchise, first past the post constituency elections.The President of Zambia is equally elected by plurality through universal adult suffrage as provided for under Article 34(8)16 of the Constitution. The major advantage of the plurality system is that of personal choice. This seems to be so because votes cast for individual candidates or personalities. A notable relationship between electors and the elected is since established. Another positive for the first-past-the-post system is that it is very simple and easy to understand. In a first past the post system, elections turn into a decision of who will be the ruling party and who will be in opposition.In addition, the plurality system is considered to be less costly than other more complex systems. The first past the post formula which is practiced in Zambia, as a decisive principle of the plurality system has a concentrating and integrating on the electorate and the society in general. This effect is regarded as both a big plus and big minus. Proponents of the plurality system, point out that it ensures a working parliament and a stable, in most cases, single party government. While this may seem to be convenient, the advantages of the plurality system are offset by the most important disadvantage which critics call non-representativeness. This is because all votes cast for the losing candidate are lost and remain unrepresented.Murithi cites the system as constituting both a structural inadequacy and an obstacle to democracy in Africa’s highly ethnicised politics as the votes cast for losers are considered wasted in the sense that they do not se rve as effective instruments for expressing voters’ will.17 This assertion holds true for Zambia, where there are ten provinces and seven major tribes among over seventy ethnicities countrywide. Besa18 seems to allude to this assertion and criticizes the first past the post system as a means of electing a president by advancing the argument that in the Zambian scenario where Bemba speaking people account for over 45% of the population, he observed that if the plurality system is maintained, in the near future, all presidents in Zambia will be elected from that particular region. This will undoubtedly lead to tribal tension as the other ethnicities will feel left-out of the country’s leadership.Furthermore, opponents of the first-past-the post system regard the so called integrating effect of the system as a defect which encourages extremities in the electorate’s behavior, either through voter apathy and political interference or violent contests with unforeseeab le results. Critics of this system19 have proposed supplementary votes and proportional representation to be adopted in Zambia as a means of enhancing democracy by the increasing the participation of smaller parties in the legislature.The Majority System The majority system is a modification of the plurality system that ensures that a candidate only wins if he or she receives an absolute majority of the votes cast in the election that is one more than fifty percent of the votes cast.20 There are two variations of the majority system, namely the supplementary voting and the re-run system. In the re-run system, if none of the candidates contesting the initial votes attains more than 50% of the votes cast, the electorate are given an opportunity to choose between the top two candidates through a second round of voting known as the ‘re-run’.Where a candidate manages 50 % plus one vote or more in the first round, a second round of voting will not be required. The supplementa ry voting system is much similar to a re-run because it also operates on the basis of elimination.21 In this scenario, the top two contenders would share the  second preferences of the remaining candidates. The candidate that emerges with most votes after the allocation of preference votes have been allocated is declared the winner.Examples of countries which use the majority system in presidential elections are France, Liberia and Zimbabwe. In the last election held in France, in February 2012, a total of ten presidential candidates contested the first round of polling with none of them reaching the 50% plus one required to claim an outright victory, the top two contenders, namely Francois hollande and the incumbent Nicolas Sarkozy contested the re-run. Hollande managed to garner 51,62% of the second round vote compared to Nicolas Sarkozy’s 48,38% to be declared President of France.The undeniable advantage of the majority system, is that unlike the plural system, it places power on a candidate who can garner support from the majority and not one elected on ethnic lines. This system effectively eliminates questions of legitimacy which is a major criticism of the plurality system. Proponents of the system like Besa, contend that the majority system operates in accordance with the tenets of democracy, where the majority rules.Proportional Representation System Its name is derived from the word proportion, which refers to the correlation between two values. This system treats the entire state as one constituency or provides for multimember constituencies. The purpose of this system is to ensure that all political parties are guaranteed a place in the legislatures. The system attempts to relate the allocation of seats as closely as possible to the distribution of votes. Under the proportional representation system, there are two variables namely the single transferrable vote and the party list system. The single transferrable vote emphasizes the personal rather than the territorial principle and provides for a candidate to obtain a quota of votes which is approximately the number of votes equal to the total votes cast divided by the number of seats to be filled.This system is applied in the United States of America for the Presidential election where a winning candidate is supposed to garner a certain number of electoral college votes to be declared the winner. With the party list system, it is practically impossible for one political party  to dominate the legislature because even the smaller parties participating in elections are allowed, through their representatives in the legislature to express their views. In addition, proportional representation is economical in that, in the case of an early vacating of mandate, the seat is taken by the next candidate on the list. In an event that the candidate list is exhausted, the seat remains vacant until the next general election. In this way, no efforts or expenses are incurred to con duct by-elections as is the case with a plurality system.However, the proportional representation system under the party list system does not concern itself with majority rule but only concerns itself with issues of participation of political parties in the process of governance, thus its widespread use in countries with two legislative chambers like the United States of America and its limited use in countries with a single legislative chamber. Besa observes that the party list system is not ideal for elections to the legislature of a country with a single chamber, but rather, proposes the establishment of a second chamber in the legislature for the system to be implemented in Zambia.We can therefore conclude that there is no electoral system which is totally good from every angle. Each system has its own advantages and drawbacks, which vary in magnitude on what function fulfilled by the electoral system is put to the fore. Some writers have propagated the use of a combination of e lectoral systems so as to advance democracy. Mulenga Besa, in his book, Constitution, Governance and Democracy suggests that for democracy to thrive in Zambia, a combination of the fifty percent plus one majority and the proportional representation system under the party list formula should be employed.For this to work he suggests a Fifty percent plus one system to elect the president and proportional representation to be used to elect members of the Legislature in a two chamber system. The discussion presented in this assignment made no pretence of comprehensiveness and the suppositions that that re affirm the idea that substantial democracy demands more than just the conducting of elections without choice or caricature of elections.For democracy to flourish, it requires the careful selection of the fairest and most efficient electoral system which should mainly ensure  the systematic and regular conduct of elections, the non-discriminatory allocation of votes and broadest possib le representation of all political parties. It also requires the sustainability of de-ethnicised political parties which are diligently involved in mobilizing popular support thereby linking the demands of all citizens in forming either a reasonably institutionalized government or convincingly effective opposition.

Sarcophagus Depicting a Battle between Soldiers and Amazons Essay

Sarcophagus Depicting a Battle between Soldiers and Amazons - Essay Example As described in one of the pages the official website of the Museum of Fine Arts entitled 100 Highlights of the MFAH, the military soldiers wear helmet, short tunics, and body army; and are equipped with swords and round shields. The Amazons, on the other hand, ride in horses with their companions lying dead on the ground. The outcome of the battle is depicted in the four corners of the sarcophagus—with the military soldiers waving the Amazon’s weapons like claimed trophies and the Amazons kneeling with their hands bound behind their backs. On the other hand, the lid of the sarcophagus is designed in the shape of a Roman temple, with fine rows of vertical tiles that end in the heads of the lion. Its edges are ornamented with round shields. It is important to note, therefore, that the artwork in the sarcophagus highlights the triumph of military soldiers against the Amazons. At this point, I wish to divide this paper into two parts. The first part will focus on the essen tial elements that constitute the artwork. Thus, I intend to investigate how the different artistic elements collaborate in creating a unified message of the painting. For the next part, I will use the assessments made in the first part to come up with a firmer analysis of the sarcophagus. In this light, I aim to explore the main theme of the artwork by appealing to both its superficial and its subliminal messaging. Assessment of Artistic Elements In examining the artistic elements of the sarcophagus, I have to first present the core idea of the artwork. It is apparent that the Romans wanted to underscore the triumph of the military soldiers in the battle. Since the sarcophagus was intended to serve as the final resting place for the Roman military commander, the artwork essentially immortalized the great vigor, courage, and aggressiveness not only of the Roman soldiers but more importantly of the Roman commander. By examining the sarcophagus part by part, I wish to reinforce my cla im on the core idea of the artwork. First, I like to focus on its overall form. The exterior design of the sarcophagus is a Roman temple, as observed in its lid and body. For the lid, it is apparent that it follows the intricate and carefully adorned roof of a Roman temple. The sophistication of the roof’s design is evidenced by the round shields that are placed on its edges; the heads of the lions that are situated on the roof panels; and the wavy-shaped ornaments that are positioned at the center of the roof. For the body, the warrior figures serve as its primary design. The various battle situations depicted in the sarcophagus further add to its dramatic feel. Taking the discussion from a visual to a perceptual point-of-view, it is obvious that the artwork, through the use of various artistic elements like movement and texture as delivered by the wavy lines and round-shaped ornaments, is able to successfully capture: firstly, the liveliness and the brutality of the battle; secondly, the triumph of the Roman warriors against the Amazons; and lastly, the greatness of the Roman race in general. It is important to take these three interrelated concepts to better understand the main theme of the artwork. Assessing the Main Theme In assessing the main theme of the artwork, it is necessary to go beyond its form by focusing on its substance. For this matter, I wish to include a socio-political perspective to enrich my qualitative examination of the artwork. While the triumph of t

Argumentative essay Roman Fever By Edith Wharton

Moral Issues Related To Seven Deadly Sins - Essay Example The book is very comprehensive from the foreword to the content and yet, it appears that many people are still oblivious about these. Sin is elucidated in the forward and the sins to be tackled were likewise discussed beforehand. The stories and the beginning of the ideas behind seven deadly sins can be traced back to St. Gregory as well as his identification of the normal dangers of the soul while taking into consideration Mahatma Gandhi. It also examines the classifications and perils represented by the seven deadly sins one by one. The plot of Wharton’s short story can be compared to a house of cards. Each card has significant support to the entire structure that if one is taken out, it will lose its essence. The commencing scene where daughters, Barbara and Jenny, run off to meet young provokes Mrs. Slade’s memories of her as well as Mrs. Ansley’s romantic adventures in Rome, 25 years prior to the present scene. She tried to share how Ansley has changed physically. Her observation establishes the concealed rancor she feels towards her companion and predicts every so implicitly the incongruous ending. Edith Wharton defies the thought of knowledge as well as understanding, even a person’s private experiences. The employment of Jackie Royster’s scenic analysis to Wharton’s Roman fever represents the idea that any person just because of envy and competition never achieve an awareness of the reality of human life as well as existence. This can be seen in the story when â€Å"She wished that Jenny falls in love- with the wrong man, even; that she might have to be watched, outmaneuvered, rescued† (Wharton, p.50). This is already evidence of how evil can manipulate and poison one’s mind just because of envy.

Peer Review Paper for Watson's Theory Exemplar Assignment

Peer Review Paper for Watson's Theory Exemplar - Assignment Example The title used by the writer creates the impression of an analysis of Watson’s theory in the paper, making it suitable for readers interested in learning more about the theory. The title may also intrigue readers interested in studying the application of the theory to real life situations, and the writer has provided an instance of a nursing situation relevant to the theory. Due to the title, the paper may attract different readership whose interests lie in understanding, analyzing, or applying Watson’s Theory of Human Caring. Flow of the paper The paper is informative and interesting to read, and the writer maintains consistency to the topic throughout the discussion. The paper begins with an introduction that draws the attention of the reader into the philosophy of Watson’s theory, highlighting that caring is the ideal belief emphasized in nursing (Watson's Theory Exemplar, 2011 p2). The writer has provided the purpose and aim of the paper as an evaluation of t he application of Watson’s theory in a nurse-patient interaction. In addition, a succinct summary of the theory has been provided, which is essential in giving readers background information on the philosophy of the theory. The writer uses simple and clear statements to summarize Watson’s theory, with references to various authors whose works contribute to a better understanding of the theory. By providing background information and previous studies that support the theory, the writer helps interested readers with possible sources for more information relevant to human caring. However, the writer should define some of the medical terminologies used, or provide their relative meanings in layman terms (Watson's Theory Exemplar, 2011 p6). This would be useful to readers outside the field of medicine who would be interested in understanding the theory. The writer follows the summary of the theory with a nursing situation describing an interaction between a caregiver and a patient (Watson's Theory Exemplar, 2011 p4). By describing the interaction in the form of a real life, first-person encounter, the writer holds the interest of the reader throughout the narration. The interaction uses suspense to maintain the reader’s urge of knowing what transpired, and the writer skillfully integrates Watson’s theory of human caring into the nursing situation. To a large extent, the patient exemplar rouses the compassion and sympathy of the reader towards the patient, creating the desired urge of caring advocated by the theory. The writer maintains professionalism by withholding the identity of the patient, thus avoiding ethical issues that include confidentiality, privacy, and patient consent. The extensive use of medical terminology in the narration without proper definition may, however, lose the interest of a non-medical reader. A coherent flow is maintained as the writer applies Watson’s theory to the nursing situation. The nursing interv entions provided have been well discussed and explained, and the writer has maintained their relevance to the theory. The analysis of the patient exemplar in relation to Watson’s theory, particularly through the nursing interventions, portrays the relevance of the theory to care-giving and nursing practice. Similarly, the conclusion is relevant to the theory, and the observation made by the writer regarding the

The findingds and dicussion chapter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 8250 words

The findingds and dicussion chapter - Essay Example It is one of the most common developmental disorders. Autism in the recent years has shown an increasing profile, as regards acquiring a clear delineation and rising public awareness. This in turn has increased the importance of autism, both within the society, and especially within the realms of education systems. This paper gives an insight into the present educational support available for the autistic children, with a special focus on the special education programs for such students in Saudi Arabia. This paper also makes a review of the studies that explored the teachers' perspectives regarding the integrative model for students with autism. To achieve better results from the various special education programs and therapies, the general and special educators, the parents of children with autism, the policymakers, and other associated professionals should bear in mind the various critical peripherals of an effective educational program for the autistic children, within the present educational system of the kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Educational system for boys with autism in Saudi Arabia 1 Introduction 1 Background history â€Å"Autistic spectrum disorders are lifelong, complex, controversial, challenging to service providers, they can cause severe impairments and they are not uncommon† PHIS Report (2001, p.7) Autism is a form of developmental disorder that makes an appearance in an individual during the first 3 years of his life, and â€Å"affects the brain's normal development of social and communication skills† (PubMedHealth, Autism, 2010). This  disorder, which is associated with impairment in neural development,  is characterized by faulty social and  communicating skills, and in the perceived stereotyped and restricted behaviours of a child. Autism influences the information processing within the  human brain that occurs due to the changes in the structure, organisation, and connection, of the nerve cells and the  synapses (Levy, Mandell, and Schultz,  2009, par. Neurobiology). Autism is a part of the Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASDs) that includes three (sometimes five, if Rett and childhood disintegrative disorder are included) clinically recognised disorders. These are: Autism; Asperger syndrome that shows the same characteristics as Autism, but is less severe in the sense that the child shows no impairment in cognitive and language development; and  Pervasive Developmental Disorder-Not Otherwise Specified  (or PDD-NOS). The PDD-NOS is diagnosed, after all the standard diagnoses tests for Autism and Asperger Syndrome have failed to meet the required criteria (Johnson, C., Scott M., and the Council on Children with Disabilities, 2007, 1183-1186). Autism can be defined as a disorder of the â€Å"affective contact, as an organic dysfunction of biological origin, and as a neurological or brain disorder† (Marwick, Dunlop and MacKay, 2005, 8). This disorder vitiates the functional abilities of a chil d to form

Key Elements of HR Strategy of Disney and How it is Linked With Its Co Case Study

Key Elements of HR Strategy of Disney and How it is Linked With Its Corporate Strategy - Case Study Example Training and development of the employees are tailored in a manner which allows the company to train and develop the employees in a manner which delivers consistent value to the customers. However, this has been only possible after the involvement of top management of the company at all levels of management. Â  (Perkins, Shortland and Perkins, 2006) However, it is clear that reward and recognition system may not have been clearly defined. The overall recognition criteria were not well-defined and it is also evident that the employees were allowed to communicate with each other at designated places and during particular times. Â  (Miner, 2007) The overall communication and relationship between the employees and the managers were excellent as managers clearly outlined the expectations from the crew members and what was exactly required of them. Learning and development was the key point which was integrated into the overall HR strategy of Disney as employees were specifically trained in various areas of operations while at the same time allowing them to build on their multi-dimensional expertise. The overall general HR policies regarding hiring, training and developing employees were well-defined and most of the tasks were performed by in-house employees hired and developed over the period of time. (Kreitner, 2009) More focus on developing employees and their personalities so that they can deliver superior value to customers. A supported environment for employees has been created which fosters responsibility and creativity. Leadership and communication skills, which are vital for working in an environment which is client facing. Employees are trained in a manner which improves therefore skills. HR Strategy is further focused towards empowering employees to face the clients in real time. HR Strategy is aligned with the overall corporate strategy as it supports the overall vision of the company. Overall, HR Strategy of Disney was focused on hiring, training and developing employees who can deliver more value to the customers.

What is the role of women in Things Fall Apart How does Achebe present Essay

What is the role of women in Things Fall Apart How does Achebe present them As subservient As dynamic members of the society - Essay Example managed to get the novel to depict women in a subservient condition as they, along with certain lbo castaway members, readily submit themselves to new religion. Women particularly give in to male orders without question. Such act implies anxiety towards the possible consequence or fate of disobedience instead of a gradual process in which a woman in this case may otherwise find confidence and time to think through better alternatives. Considering the dynamic part which women play in this type of society, diversity in role is spread throughout the novel. As priestesses, of the lbo village, women perform a traditional duty of spiritual leadership. With this role, women like Chika are largely feared (17), having the status believed to have attained the power of her god while the Agbala priestess would never hold back her firm command to Okonkwo. Being able to threaten the tribal chieftain indicates the woman’s portrayal of a figure who has constantly been revered by her subjects. Earth goddess Ani further shows the aspect of power in a significant role of woman as a supreme authority set to rule with judgment of conduct and morality of human deeds. Her power is even magnified through the attitude of the inhabitants who pay tribute by observing the Week of Peace before harvesting their crops believing that the goddess is able to prosper the farms with abundance and good growth (30). Moreover, the sense of connection to nature signifies the woman’s continuous communication of her responsibility such as the mother’s attachment to her child. This role strength is made emphatic when Okonkwo seeks refuge to his mother’s village in the time of great distress during exile (134). Here, the faith is established in the value that women can be much relied upon when desperate or unfortunate situations come. â€Å"The women [who] weeded the farm three times at definite periods in the life of the yam, neither early or late (33).† The line suggests that women may be found

English Public Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

English Public Law - Essay Example Functioning on seven major parts, the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, hereafter known as TFEU has in a number of ways that are bound on all seven parts been incorporated into the United Kingdom legal system. This has been done using different methods and each of these methods has had its own influence on the United Kingdom legal system. A typical example of one of these methods is the use of conditional clauses as spelt out in Article 49 of the TEU that expect member States of the European Union to abide by given statutes; a breach of which makes them ineligible to be members (quote). As members are expected to unconditionally respect the values set in Article 2 as a condition of retaining their membership, the United Kingdom is somewhat forced by obligation to incorporate basic requirements of Article 2 such as respect for human rights into its legal system. Some commentators have said that even though United Kingdom has before the existence of the TFEU made credibl e strives to be respected as one of the nations of the world that has respect for human respects and human dignity, there are certainly independent ways that the country would have wanted to approach the subject of respect for human rights if the TFEU and for that matter the European Communities Act had not come in force (quote). Apart from conditions of inclusion in the European Union, Article 7 of the TEU, which deals with sanctions for breaches, is another consolidating method for ensuring strict adherence to legal provisions and thus an adaption of the TFEU provisions into the United Kingdom legal system. In congruence to the need to abide by all aspects of the TFEU, the United Kingdom has made several individualized strives that are aimed at proofing to the international community, its willingness to be a supporter of the provisions of the

IP 4 English Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

IP 4 English - Essay Example The defenders of Smartphones claim that with the implication of Smartphones in schools, students can stay updated with the current research, they can be could at life management and quick in responding to tasks. The aim of this expository paper is to discuss the subject of Smartphone and its usage from different perspective to understand its effectiveness as a technological advancement. Critics claim that Smartphones can damage the thought process of humans because it can give access to unimportant facts as well. However, on the other hand, it is claimed by the defenders that Smartphones have allowed humans to stay active regarding things around them. In the present world, where billions of facts and figures are exchanged in a single day, it is imperative for everyone to stay aware of the viral information. Students, being the most active learners, can get a lot of benefits by using Smartphones to gain information (Wankel & Blessinger, 2013, p. 50). It is considered that there are roughly 3000 productivity mobile phone applications that are currently being downloaded and used by mobile phone users every day. These phone applications are used by phone users to mark important appointments, tasks, reminders etc. This allows them to stay aware of their responsibilities. At the same time, critics claim that this will make students to rely on Smartphones a lot and not their intelligence. Defenders provide supporting claim that time tables are reasonably used to mark such reminders and tasks already. Smart phones have rather allowed them to stay active more than ever (Wankel & Blessinger, 2013, p. 55). Critics claim that in order to make a person to be active in meeting deadlines and completing tasks, Smartphones are not needed. Such an assertion is presented because defenders claim that students can stay connected to

Observing a worship service In APA Style Essay Example for Free

Observing a worship service In APA Style Essay Sanatana Dharma (Hinduism) encompasses a broad variety of beliefs and practices, not all of which are shared by all Hindus, and many of which actually contradict each other. It is probably unique among the religions of the world in its tolerance of diversity. It is a completely decentralized religion, with no hierarchy of clergy and so supreme authority. It had no single founder whose teachings have been propagated by his disciples. Although most of the basic beliefs of Hinduism achieved their present term about the time of Christ, the roots of the religion are much older; some of the same gods worshiped by Hindus were being worshiped by their ancestors nearly 4, 000 years ago. As Hinduism developed, it continually absorbed and reinterpreted the beliefs and practices of the different peoples with whom it came into contact. The church named Masjid Al-Rahim performs five times daily prayers and may gather on Friday as the major assemble of believers for the week. Actually they have ten types of worship and some of these are performed as a group or individually and sometimes both. What is good on this is that Hindus can perform it in the temple or at home whatever they want to. The worship service is called arti which means â€Å"a greeting celebration with a lamp† and each of them will worship Tulsi by walking around her as part of the ritual and each one of them will have a kirtan. Afterwards, an individual will join with other believers or devotees for the meditation for their beads called japa. They have more than one priest that performs the rituals and the priests dressed the deities according to their day-to-day outfits. In a while, after the priests dressed these deities, the curtains will open and the congregation will greet them with an arti. Next to this is the guru-puja. It is a time in which the congregation has the chance to offer different flowers to their spiritual leader. After this, one of the priests will sing a song called bhajan and gives a sermon to the congregation as part of their worship service. The congregation also has the chance to raise questions to the priest regarding the spiritual life at the end of the sermon. Moreover, According to them, they have 10 important holidays that are carefully observed but actually only gave me five out of ten which are the most important ones and these are the Diwali which is celebrated from September to October, Holi and Mahashivaratri (two different festivals but celebrated from February to March), the birthday celebration of Lord Rama during the month of April, Kumbh Mela happens during the months of July to August which is a kind of pilgrimage to India. In addition, they said that their religion helps them to direct their lives especially in making their decisions. It helps them shape their characters as good believers and have strong belief with their gods. There are times that other people may misunderstand on what they believe in and this challenges most of them because it will enable and push them to share on what they believe and convince others that there religion has so much to offer beyond everyone’s comprehension. Also, showing good conducts to others is one of their challenges too because their present actions also determine their future lives after they died and will be reborn. For most of the believers, they believe that earthly existence in the present depends on their past lives. The fortunes of the soul in each rebirth are determined by its behavior in former lives. This law of karma states that no sin ever goes unpunished and no virtue remains unrewarded; if a man does not receive punishment or reward in this life, he will in some succeeding life. By his behavior a man determines whether his rebirth will be a higher station or lower, whether he will be reborn as a man, as a god, or as the lowest insect. Furthermore, they said that it didn’t matter with them if their religion is called Sanatana Dharma or Hinduism because there is no much difference in their practices and beliefs thus they believe in the same gods although may differ in practices to some degrees. In addition, the names or titles for their religion are just an identification that they believe in Hinduism. In Hinduism, men and women have different functions. The women’s role is important in upholding the social and cultural values of the family and they are not given much attention with regards to their education on the other hand, men’s roles are to take care of the family and his wife and must be respectful and show affections to relatives.

Management Commitment And Participation Of The People Marketing Essay

Management Commitment And Participation Of The People Marketing Essay The firm applied advanced of human resources and for Social Policy;  the management style is based on management commitment and participation of the people. In addition, the company had a responsible corporate citizen, committed to the government, shareholders, customers, communities and consumers. Environmental objections are committed to business practices and taking into account the need to conserve natural resources and save energy is environmentally friendly. For example, guarantee that all products manufactured, imported and distributed  by Nestle Malaysia are certified HALAL by authorized Islamic certification bodies. Perhaps, Company shares through achieving sustainable and profitable long-term growth has been delivered. This brand has a wide area. Branding strategy is corporate. Part of the branding strategy is the brand plan for each product. This is an integrated strategy. The brands of Nestle area key power but the executive levels are very aware today that brands alo ne are not enough to win. From its beginning, Nestle developed its commerce globally and became aware of the  truth that food products have to be  closely connected to restricted  eating and  social custom. That is why Nestle form the very start has always shown reverence for various cultures and traditions. Nestle activities to complete self as much as feasible into the cultures and  traditions where it  is present, adding also to  the local setting its  own set of values. so, Nestle embrace cultural and social diversity and does not discriminate on the basis of origin, nationality, religion, race, gender or age. Also, Nestle believes that is activities can only be of long term benefit to the company if they are the same time useful to the local community. exactly, the environment is changing very quickly and in particular customers are looking for answer  to their concerns. To our view, global thinking and strategies can best be expressed through local action and commitment as showed as Nestle Malaysia. And of course, Nestle practical think globally act locally as well as thinking out of the box idea in their product and distribution with the help of strategic global marketing. Milo, a brand of chocolate/malt powder beverage of Nestle, which is once known in the past as number one brand in customers mind in Thailand. But nowadays Milo is not that well perceived as before but another manager, Oval tine, had triumph the position and become market leader in the segment. With the character of Nestlà © that employ general marketing strategy such as cost direction in business, the company is currently struggling hard time finding the competitive advantage for Milo, when it comes to face to face with its main rival, Oval tine. The main goal of this marketing plan is to provide marketing strategies, Explain and predict sales Milo become the market leader in Thailand. Models and concepts of modeling, SWOT analysis and Porters Five Forces analysis is being conducted to assist in the analysis of external factors. Product Milo the energy drink nestled into the Indian market in 1996. The responsibility of launching the drink in a market dominated by time tested Bourn vita and Boost was no easy task for Nestle. As the fifth player in the market for a coffee drink. , the drink was up against Bourn vita which had an enviable market share of 40% and SmithKline Beecham, a strong contender, especially in the south. After creating the worlds number one energy drink Milo and taste benefits, the attention shifted to presenting its emotional benefits too. Focus now on rebuilding brand image of a delicious energy drink into the extra energy to winning. New Milo is for active, growing children its energy releasing B vitamins give them the extra energy, vitality and stamina that make them winners. Milo, the chocolate milk beverage targeted essentially at teenagers in the urban marketplace is the fastest selling product here. The only surprise to find that rather than being grand children, senior citizens want to ma ke it your everyday bottle. Place Distribution is the most important thing next to sales. Sales are not possible if the distribution network is not effective. If product is not available in the market at the right place at the right time and the customer may lose a great product that can change it. Price The firm has several options for addressing the price. Domestically Nestlà ©s Milo manufactured finished products may be force to switch to offshore sourcing of certain component to keep costs and prices competitive. Another factor has been audited by the distribution in target markets. An extension or ethnocentric pricing policy describe that the per-unit price of an item to be the same no matter where in the world the buyer is situated. Nestlà ©s executive level monitor consciously on the freight and import duties according to the Malaysia market. Compliance or polycentric pricing policy allows the subsidiary or affiliate managers or independent distributors to create whatever price they feel is in very good condition. Price strategy Price strategy is a basic, long-term pricing framework, which establishes the initial price for a product and the intended direction for price movements over the product life cycle. The third type of pricing strategy is to manipulate prices, the pricing and the pricing is made available.  Malaysia, Nestle Milo current practice is that the market penetration pricing to charge relatively low price for a product where Nestle (Milo) initially as a way to reach a mass market. Choose the price strategy When Nestle Milo has decided the product price, they will choose a good pricing strategy that will give them direction of price movements over the Product Life Cycle. Nestle Milo are knowledgeable about higher prices. If the higher prices, they have to produce a good quality of Milo. In addition, competitors may affect pricing strategy. For example, if Nestle Milo introduces a new product that same with competitors, the price will be restricted and close to the price of competitors. But Nestle Milo able to differentiate and convince consumers they can set a higher price for the product. Promotion Using the consumer insight that mothers are driven by a need to support their sons hard work and help them succeed when under pressure, the agency launched an impressive ad campaign. The study showed that the campaign needs to Milo as a drink with two strong power delivery and taste perception. Thus a strategy was adopted wherein the agency targeted children belonging to the age group of 7-12 years and through them their mothers. The strategy worked and led to a 40% volume growth, with the market share growing to 8.8%. The agency came up with commercials addressed to children as the target audience and mothers as the secondary audience. The campaign proved to be successful with the drink emerging as the No. 2 brand in 3 out of 4 zones, and its market share growing to an impressive 11.4%. Not satisfied, the agency undertook another research, which revealed two issues that needed to be addressed immediately. Firstly the pester power, which in this category was not very high and secondl y, the fact that Milo s brand promise of winning was unfortunately being perceived as an advertising/ marketing claim. Hence Nestle embarked into yet another campaign, this time with the intention of improving the brand image by overcoming a mothers apprehensions and getting her to subscribe to the brand promise. Other than that it takes an active part in the sponsorship of sports event at both school colleges, they also distribute T-Shirts having Milo logo and other such apparel. This helps company to promote their product as well as build their Brand Awareness. Promotion Recommendation To make Milo being well-known all over the country, they should make a lot of  promotions which is dissimilar with the promotions that they have done before.Afterwehave  been  through  the  discussion,  we  have  all  agreed  that  Milo  can  wider  their  promotion by making a contest or a lucky draw. They just need to put a lucky number  behind the packaging and the end of the month, the will pick a lucky number and the lucky customer can redeem their price at the nearest Milos branch. Besides that, Milo can make a different packaging style. They should combine all their products in one pack that include mini pack of Milo powder, Milo energy bar, Milo fuse, and so much more. By doing this style of packaging, Milo can make all your delicious product promotion to a customer so that they are able to try all the products produced by Milo . If they interested with one or all the product, for sure they will but it again and again. This will increase the profit. .

Theoretical Views of Intelligence

Theoretical Views of Intelligence Compare and Contrast Two Theoretical Views of Intelligence Gardner Multiple Intelligence Theory and Sternberg Successful Intelligence Theory The two theoretical views of intelligence that are going to be focused on in this assignment are the Howard Gardners multiple intelligence theory and Robert J. Sternbergs successful intelligence theory. Gardners multiple intelligences theory suggested different systems in the brain produce different types of intellectual capacities to approach problems and create products. He identified eight competencies and two tentative competencies, but allows that more may be discovered. These include linguistic, musical, logical-mathematical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalist, spiritual and existential intelligences (Gardner, 1993). Linguistic intelligence involves verbal aptitude which sensitive to written and spoken languages, the capability to learn languages, and the ability to use language to reach certain goals. Logical-mathematical intelligence consists of the abstract reasoning skill to analyze problems logically, carry out mathematical operations, and investigate issues scientifically. Musical intelligence involves skill in the performance, composing, appreciation of musical patterns and playing instrument. Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence is the pot ential of using ones whole body or parts of the body to solve problems, control fine and gross motor. Spatial intelligence recognises and uses the patterns of wide space, visualize objects, and find ones orientation. Interpersonal intelligence consists of the capacity to understand the intentions, motivations and desires of other people. It allows people to work effectively with others. Intrapersonal intelligence is the ability to understand own thoughts and feelings, fears and motivations, consequences and thus make effective changes. Sternberg successful theory of intelligence are defined as in a given sociocultural context, mental abilities are used to reach ones goals in life through adaptation, selection and shaping of the environment (Sternberg Kaufman, 1998, p. 494). The three broad distinct areas associated with successful intelligence are analytical, creative, and practical thinking. Analytical intelligence is the mental steps to solve problems, creative intelligence is th e mental processes that lead to solutions, ideas, artistic forms, theories, products that are unique and novel (Reber Reber, 2001) and practical intelligence is the ability to size up new situation and adapt to real-life demands. Within the above theories, logical mathematical intelligence and analytical intelligence will be compared and contrasted. Firstly, definition of both theories will be compared. Then, both theories supported that the logical mathematic and analytical ability are educable, and lastly, Logical mathematical intelligence is the ability to reason, to calculate, to recognise patterns and to handle logical thinking (Gardner, 1993). In Howard Gardners words, it includes the ability to detect patterns, reason deductively and think logically and it is often related with scientific and mathematical thinking. Analytical intelligence is the capacity to analyze and evaluate ideas, compare and contrast, solve problems and make decisions (Sternberg, 1998) Like a number of scholars, Gardner and Sternberg view intelligence as educable, result of biological end environmental factors, which includes peoples environments (Ceci, Nightungale, Baker, 1992). Another is ones motivation (Collier, 1994; Sternberg Wagner, 1994) and training (Feuerstein, 1980). References Gardner, Howard (1983; 1993) Frames of Mind: The theory of multiple intelligence (2nd ed.). New York: Basic Books. Smith, Mark K. (2002, 2008) Howard Gardner and multiple intelligences, the encyclopedia of informal education. Retrieved Aug 10, 2009, from http://www.infed.org/thinkers/gardner.htm. Sternberg, R. J. ( 1996 ). Cognitive psychology. Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace. Sternberg, R. J (1998). Journal of Principles of Teaching for Successful Intelligence, 33, 65-69. Retrieved Sept 10, 2009, from questia database.

Herman Melvilles Billy Budd - The Tragedy of Billy Budd :: Herman Melville Billy Budd Essays

The Tragedy of Justice in Billy Budd Charles Reich's assessment of the conflict in Billy Budd focuses on the distinction between the laws of society and the laws of nature. Human law says that men are "the sum total of their actions, and no more." Reich uses this as a basis for his assertion that Billy is innocent in what he is, not what he does. The point of the novel is therefore not to analyze the good and evil in Billy or Claggart, but to put the reader in the position of Captain Vere, who must interpret the laws of both man and nature. Reich supports Vere's decision to hang Billy. In defense of this he alludes to a famous English court case, in which three men were accused of murder. However, the circumstances which led them to murder were beyond their control; they had been stranded at sea and forced to kill and eat their fourth companion, who had fallen ill and was about to die anyway. The Judge, Lord Coleridge, found them guilty because "law cannot follow nature's principle of self-preservation." In other words, necessity is not a justification for killing, even when this necessity is beyond human control. Since Billy is unable to defend himself verbally, he "responds to pure nature, and the dictates of necessity" by lashing out at Claggart. I agree with Reich's notion that Vere was correct in hanging Billy, and that it is society, not Vere, who should be criticized for this judgement; for Vere is forced to reject the urgings of his own heart and his values to comply with the binding laws of man. First, the moral issue aside, Captain Vere had no choice but to convict Billy. As captain of a ship under pressure of war and the constant threat of mutiny, Vere had to act swiftly. Also, as captain, Vere had the responsibility of making sure the laws were strictly enforced, including the Mutiny Act. Although Vere knew in his heart Billy was innocent, Billy's actions had to be punished. For Vere to have acquitted Billy would mean that he had placed the divine law of nature above the laws he was bound to enforce as captain of a

Essay on Gertrude and Ophelia’s Death in Shakespeares Hamlet

Gertrude and Ophelia’s Death in Hamlet  Ã‚   The Queen gives a remarkably detailed account of Ophelia’s death leaving one to believe that she may have witnessed the event. We know that she emphasized with Ophelia’s suffering to such an extent that perhaps she realized that the kindest action to take would be to let Ophelia decide her own fate, although she clearly was not in a fit state of mind to do this and was barely aware of her surroundings â€Å"incapable of her own distress.† Ophelia’s death is â€Å"beautified† as she dies in a romantic and beautiful scene befitting her character where she was surrounded by her garland of flowers. (Ophelia herself was â€Å"beautified† in a letter from Hamlet which Polonius found to be a â€Å"vile phrase.†) There is much detail, leading me to believe that Gertrude is trying to soften the blow for Laertes who is already enraged over his father’s death and his sister’s madness; the King says, â€Å"How much I had to do to cl am his rage.† This is a typically selfish reaction of Claudius which serves to emphasize the need for Laertes to control his grief, as he is an extremely fiery character. Ophelia died after collecting flowers from over a brook. I think that she was collecting them to distribute to the court, as she did after her father’s death. Flowers are a symbol of innocence, pure and easily destroyed. The tree she was crawling along whilst collecting these garlands was a willow, which is usually associated with weeping and grief, something we have assigned to the â€Å"watery† (perhaps with tears) character of Ophelia. The branches of a willow hang down towards the ground in a downcast fashion, indicating grief. The personification even extends to her garments that were â€Å"too heavy with heir drink.† The ... ...h his actions do not reflect this thought now, he had previously written her a note saying, â€Å"But that I love thee best, O most best, believe it.† Apart from the ambiguity surrounding her death and her love for Hamlet, Ophelia is described by all as an innocent child, grappling with situations her youth is unprepared for. Even if she had consummated her love for Hamlet, I can still picture Ophelia as a vulnerable and innocent child who has to cope with situations beyond her control in a world where the role of the female is passive. It is this helplessness which Gertrude wants to look after as she â€Å"hoped thou should’st have been my Hamlet’s wife† and her madness which Gertrude wants to save her form by allowing Ophelia to make the decision over life and death. Work Cited Shakespeare, William. Hamlet. 1600? Ed. Sylvan Barnet. New York: Signet Classic, 1998

The Importance of Individuality in John Knowles A Separate Peace :: Separate Peace Essays

The Importance of Individuality in John Knowles' A Separate Peace "There is a time in every man's education when he arrives at the conviction that envy is ignorance; that imitation is suicide; that he must take himself for better for worse as his portion. It is harder because you will always find those who think they know what is your duty better than you know it. It is easy in the world to live after the world's opinion; it is easy in solitude to live after our own; but the great man is he who in the midst of the crowd keeps with perfect sweetness the independence of solitude." (Ralph Waldo Emerson) A Separate Peace (1959) written by John Knowles, expresses the true struggle to respect ones individuality. In 1942 at a private school in New Hampshire Gene Forrester became good friends with his roommate, Finny. He envies Finny for his great Athletic ability. In spite of the envy, Gene and Finny do everything together and one day for fun they decide to jump out of a tree into the river. After that they form the Super Suicide Society, the first time t hey jumped being their reason for formation. During one of their meetings they decide to jump off at the same time. When they get up on the limb Gene bounces it and Finny falls on the bank. He shatters the bones in his leg and will never again play sports. Nobody realizes that Gene deliberately made Finny lose his balance. Because of the accident Gene does not play sports either and continues being friends with Finny. One night, some of the other guys from Devon School woke Gene and Finny up in the middle of the night. They are suspicious of the "accident." They conduct a trial to blame Gene for what has happened to Finny. Eventually Finny gets upset in the midst of argument and runs out. He ends up tripping and falling down the stairs, and breaking his healed leg allover again. It was a cleaner break this time but they still have to set it. Gene confesses to Finny that he bounced him out of the tree. While setting the break there are complications and Finny dies. Gene learns that h e is his own person and now that Finny is gone he can finally be content with himself. In the beginning Gene feels inferior to Finny.

Why Should HR & Line Managers Work Together? Essay

The primary reason human resources and line managers should work together is because both parties have a vested interest in ensuring the company achieves success. Through working together, line management becomes more proficient in tactical human resources functions. This frees up time for human resources professionals to devote more time to strategic HR management. Department Staffing The human resource department’s main function is to support the workforce needs of the organization. HR and line managers should communicate regularly and frequently to determine the skills and qualifications required for seamless operation of department functions. Whenever there’s a vacancy in a line manager’s department, an HR recruiter or employment specialist and the line manager review the job description for accuracy and completeness. During the recruitment and selection process, HR advises line managers on how to identify qualified candidates and existing department staff capabilities. Workforce Strategy Strategic planning between HR and line managers involves reviewing projections concerning future business demands to determine whether to train current employees to prepare them for promotion or to recruit candidates with higher level skills to augment the current employee knowledge base. By working together on immediate and future staffing needs, HR and line management benefit from reduced cost per hire and turnover. In addition, the organization benefits from appropriate succession planning and adequate staffing. Related Reading: Performance Management Training and development is an HR function that prepares line managers for a number of leadership tasks. One such task is conducting employee performance appraisals. Human resources trainers develop learning objectives based on line managers’ understanding of the organization’s coaching philosophy. Leadership training topics include how to provide employees with constructive feedback and how to conduct fair and unbiased assessments of  employee performance. HR and line managers should therefore work together to ensure the organization maintains a consistent approach to performance management. Inconsistencies within an organization’s performance management system negatively impact employee job satisfaction, which is another reason HR and line managers should work collaboratively. Conflict Resolution Workplace conflict is inevitable whenever department employees represent different cultures, work styles and personalities. When conflicts arise, line managers typically seek the advice of HR in resolving issues between employees or issues between employees and their managers. If there is already dissention between HR and line management, it can be difficult for human resources to determine what underlies the conflict and how to resolve it. A positive working relationship between HR and line management facilitates easier handling of workplace investigations and mediating differences between staff. When HR and line management work together, it’s easier for HR to investigate workplace issues because the human resource staff may have greater confidence that line managers document their employment actions and decisions appropriately and according to company policy.

Pizza Hut strategic plan Essay

Executive SummaryThis end think taboos pizza pie pie pie pie pie hovel and the entre of a peeled harvestingion c ei on that pointd The native. A instruct history of pizza army hut is provided at the beginning of this proposal on with an summary of the abstain viands at ecstasytion. Current abridges in demographics and annihilateing habits ar included.A prepargon abridgment has been d atomic turn 53 to identify pizza hutchs saturations, weaknesses, opport building blockies, and panics so that these performers squeeze out be taken into consideration in deciding whether or non to pitch the saucily utmost(prenominal) pizza pie. Some of the line elements of our changeing plan cause describe the original pizza pie. It give be the titanicst pizza on the securities indus give function hind end place, with deucefold the quitf commencementer and double the buy the farmpings. We go forth stake the X and Y coevalss, which is the prof ma pest evolution subdivision in the States. This plane section has been achievement soundy channelizeed before victimisation the extreme angle. This constituent is has been a sh be that hasnt been targeted to the take that they should in this indus undertake and we plan on changing that. We progress to employ bygone pecuniary entropy to establish reasonable goals for the return and induce notice limits on publicityal slip bying. We provide be use a in spicy up spirits/low price outline, pricing this upstart pizza at $9.99.Our chief(prenominal) gross gross sales promotions bequeath be offering the utmost(prenominal) pizza sh ard with troop Dew to target times X and propagation Y. We volition be utilise convey channel dispersal as surface. This pizza ordain be available through and through dine-in, carry-out, pass oning, and sending on the Internet.1)Introduction pizza pie field hut was started in 1958, by dickens br separates in Wichita, Ka nsas. Frank and Dan Carney had the report to open a pizza parlor. They borrowed $600 from their m other(a), and unfastened the in truth archetypal pizza field hut. In 1959, the runner franchise unit do-nothingdid in Topeka, Kansas. Al closely ten eld later, pizza pie shanty would be armed swear out hotshot million clients a hebdomad in their 310 locations. In 1970, pizza shack was put on the New York farm animal Exchange under the ticker figure PIZ.In 1986, pizza pie hutch introduced speech wait on, any(prenominal)thing no other eating house was doing. By the 1990s pizza hut sales had occured $4 billion realitywide. In 1998, pizza pie sea chantey celebrated their 40th anniversary, and launched their noteworthy track down The Best pizzas Under unmatchable Roof. In 1996, pizza hovel sales in the United States were over $5 million. Out of hardly the lively pizza handcuffs, pizza pie army hut had the largest commercialise tract, 46.4%. However, piz za pie shacks grocery sh be has slowly eroded because of zealous argument from their rivals eye masks, Little Caesars and fl brinkling soda water Johns. Home deli actually was a driving force for success, peculiarly for pizza pie chantey and half masks.However, this compel competitors to look for sunrise(prenominal) methods of increasing their node bases. Many pizza durance opinionated to diversify and offer in the altogether non-pizza items such as buffalo wings, and Italian quit bread. The current trend in pizza arrange today is the same. They for each one told interpret to come up with some revolutionary(a)er, bigger, amend, pizza for a low bell. Offering special(prenominal) promotions, and revolutionary pizza variations atomic number 18 customary today as well. For deterrent example, chicken is outright a common handping embed on pizzas.In the past, pizza pie field hut has forever and a day had the first locomoter favour. Their food merchandising dodging in the past has cease low(prenominal)ly been to be first. One of their principal(prenominal) strategies, that they all(a)eviate follow today is the diversification of the produces they offer. Pizza sea chantey is forever adding something saucily to their menu, nerve-wracking to reach new markets. For example, in 1992 the chousen buffet was launched in Pizza shack restaurants worldwide. They were toilsome to offer umpteen an(prenominal) an(prenominal) some other(prenominal) diametric nutrition items for customers who didnt necessarily want pizza.another(prenominal) scheme they used in the past and ar still using is the diversification of their pizzas. Pizza sea chantey is al guideions trying to come up with some innovative way to make a pizza into something slightly various opposite enough that customers exit think its a whole new convergence. For example, lets look at some of the pizzas Pizza hutch has marketed in the past. In 19 83, Pizza sea chantey introduced their Pan Pizza, which had a justify of organism ready to eat in 5 minutes when dining at Pizza army hut restaurants. In 1993, they introduced the BigFoot, which was twain squ ar feet of into 21 slices. In 1995, they introduced Stuffed encrustation Pizza, where the crust would be filled with cheese. In 1997, they marketed The Edge, which had cheese and passs all the way to the edge of the pizza. Currently, they ar marketing The Big NewYorker, trying to bring the famous New York path pizza to the whole artless.Lastly, Pizza hut has always valued customer redevelopment and satisfaction. In 1995, Pizza army hut began two customer satisfaction programs a 1-800 quash customer hotline, and a customer mean program. These were implemented to make sure their customers were happy, and always wanted to return. In our plan, we forget first give a situation abbreviation of current and relevant environmental conditions that view our plan. Next, we give give a apprise depth psychology of the current fast food application, and any trends or changes that might make it in the future.Also, a SWOT analysis of Pizza shanty exit be included. Identification of current and capability competitors leave behind be discussed in the SWOT analysis as well. Next, we testament list our marketing objectives for this plan and our rationale for the selection of these objectives.2) Situational compendiumA number of demographic and societal trends in the United States contributed to growthd require for food prepared outside the home. The disarticulate rate is almost 50%, and thither is a growing trend masking that hoi polloi are choosing to get wed later in biography. Because of these factors and umteen others, the single- psyche kin represented around 25% of all U.S. households in 1998, up from 16% in the 1970s. There has likewise been a trend in the 1990s showing that individuals are choosing to eat out more frequently tha n eat at home. Another factor to consider is the add-ond number of women workings outside the home. In 1998, 59% of all married women had careers. As a get out of more women in the workforce, household incomes are promptly combined and are often towering than previously. tally to Restaurants and Institutions magazine, more than tierce of all households had incomes of over $50,000 in 1996.The faction of higher incomes and dual-career families providein less judgment of conviction in the home, therefore less time to cook food at home. Also due to higher incomes, consumers ready more disposable income, allowing them to eat out more often. However, in the early 1990s, the harvest-time of traditional fast food restaurants slowed pig because the U.S. market had affect saturated. The slowdown in growth intensified competition for market share and lead to consolidation. Many set ups found that their market share could be appendd by buying an existing partnership rather t han fabricateing new units. Mergers and acquisitions had a powerful effect on the fast food industry. The top ten fast food restaurant arrange go throughled over 60% of fast food sales in the U.S.3)Industry AnalysisAccording to the National Restaurant Association, food service sales were $320 billion for the 500,000 restaurants in the U.S. in 1997. The U.S. restaurant industry grew 5.2 percent in 1997. Six major sections make up the fast food separate of the food service industry. Sandwich chains, like McDonalds and Wendys are the number unrivaled segment, followed by dinner houses, such as Applebees and Red Lobster. Pizza chains are ranked ordinal. Out of all the pizza chains, Pizza hovel has the largest market share, 46%, followed by eye masks with 21.7%. International sales shake off become more and more big to the fast food industry. In 1998, Pizza hovel was the number ane global chain with units in 88 distinct countries.In 1990, Pizza shanty opened two restaurants in Moscow where 20,000 customers were served a week, slightly the descend serviced by 10 Ameri pot Pizza Huts. As profitable as the fast food industry is, there has always been one difficulty that many fast food companies terminatenot seem to overcome. Because of Americas large aging set outulation, great awareness and interest in health issues confine resulted. Nutritional value of fast food is a huge problem. For many people, fast food automati harbingery essence low nutritional value. As a result of this, many chains know introduced items that are low calorie and low fat. Despite their efforts, many critics and consumers feel that their efforts were not satisfactory in providing a healthy meal.4)SWOT AnalysisPizza Hut has many different strengths. Name recognition is an pellucid strength for Pizza Hut. Pizza Hut has been around for a long time, and consumers know the chance upon well. Another big strength and notwithstanding a warring advantage is the fact that th ey perplex a full service restaurant as well as deli very services. Most of Pizza Huts competitors do not name restaurants. Because of the restaurant, Pizza Hut can market to many different segments that other pizza chains cannot. For example, Pizza Hut can market to families much easier than half masks or Little Caesars. Pizza Hut offers a sit-down, conversational pillow slip restaurant where families can take their children for natal day parties for example. Pizza Huts colossal selection of harvest-times in like manner makes it easier for them to market to different market segments.However, the fact that Pizza Hut does chip in a restaurant to run is also a weakness. Pizza Hut has higher overhead be, due to the restaurant that other competitors dont wee to deal with. Another result of higher overhead costs is higher harms Pizza Hut must charge. Obviously, Pizza Hut is not the low cost producer. They aver on their prime(a) pizza and devout service to account for their higher prices.An substantiating weakness that Pizza Hut has is that they have lost a lot of their customers and market share due to such intense competition with competitors. Pizza Huts opportunities are almost endless. They can add revenue with their new innovative pizzas, and increase brand loyalty with good customer service.Another opportunity that Pizza Hut has is their new night clubing online system. Anyone with Internet regain can order whatever they wish well and get it delivered to their house without even oration to someone. This program has just been started, so we do not have any add up to support whether or not it pass on be a success.Pizza Huts number one threats are from their competitors. Currently, their closest competitor is Dominos Pizza. Dominos main hawkish advantageover Pizza Hut is their price. It is generally press down than Pizza Hut. Also, Dominos was very profitable when they ran the promotional deal of delivering a pizza inwardly 30 minutes. Ho wever, many lawsuits have been filed against Dominos in the past for reckless driving by their drivers, so Dominos withdrew the promotion. Little Caesars is another one of Pizza Huts competitors, right behind Dominos in market share. Little Caesars is famous for offering large quantities of pizza for less specie. Other competitors include Papa Johns, Sbarro, and Pizza Inn.A problem facing all of the pizza chains is that each of their individual competitory advantages are pretty much all(prenominal)ones competitive advantages. Most if not all the top pizza chains offer dethaw delivery, and always have some form of promotional deal offering large pizzas at reduced prices. Other competitors to take into consideration are frozen pizzas and make-it-yourself pizzas that are corruptd in grocery stores. Some examples of these are Tombstone Pizzas, Boboli, and DiGornio pizzas.5)Marketing ObjectivesBeing that Pizza Hut holds the most market share in the pizza industry, the perceived superior and service of the company volition do to batten a better than average mishap at a roaring intro of a new return. The pizza industry firms are famous for introducing new outputs to lighter short sales. Pizza Hut as stated earlier has been very undefeated at accomplishing this. The introduction of a crossway that keeps with todays trends is also principal(prenominal) to reduce the risk of infection of mishap. In juvenile years there has been an increase in the marketing of harvestings with an extreme twist to them. troop Dew, which is a brand name own by Pizza Huts parent company, Pepsico, has been very successful at repositioning itself to this segment of the market, which has sparked new interest in the loony drink. Many other imitators have followed in there footsteps and have been successful as well. Pizza Hut has the resources available to interrogation and implement a new increase with great success.Pizza Hut is the draw in innovative products and this new product that weare proposing volition surely be a success, given Pizza Huts cross record. With high competition from the other top firms in the industry, the introduction of a new product is necessary to keep one step ahead of the competition. We propose that Pizza Hut introduce the natural Pizza. This pizza depart be larger than the competitors at twenty-inches and have twice the toppings that the competitors have. Pizza Hut will market this product along side other extreme products such as Mountain Dew, to help Pizza Hut capture part of this new segment of the market.The selection of pizzas offered by the competition have been classically less creative than that of Pizza Hut in the past and Pizza Huts report tease of offering high quality, new products will allow this new product to move into the market as other new offerings have in the past. With the introduction of a new product, one of our main objectives is to create recognition for our product. Our goal is t o reach 85% recognition of the new product in our target market.As with all businesses, the most important goal of a company is to increase revenue and profits. With the introduction of this new product we hope to increase the general sales of the company by 7%. If we can in fact reach our goal of 85% recognition of the product, through a successful promotions mix, then the increase in sales should be considerably acquired.6)Target MarketsWith the introduction of the innate Pizza from Pizza Hut, the name itself is an indication of the target market sought. In todays world of adrenaline junkies and extreme sports, a products connection with the world of the extreme has grabbed the attention of the junior generations. These generations range from the age of 12 to 30. These generations are affectionately referred to as the Y and X generations. For many years marketers ignored this segment and simply stereo lineamentd them as s postulateinessers or losers. However, this has not be en the case in youthful years. With extreme sports making an entrance into pop culture in the early 90s, many companies have realized the potential for high returns by targeting this highly divers(a) segment of the market. In America today, there are 71 million Americans that elapse between the ages of 12 and 30, making generations X andY the two fastest growing segments of society.The overall outlay power of this segment is 300 billion dollars a year, with a large ploughshare of that capital worn out(p) on non- all-important(a) items. The reason for the high measuring rod of spending in this segment has been associated to the clock that they have grown up in. hostile the baby-boomers, there has been no times of risk or economic depression in their lives. This is a generation with a spend now, consecrate later attitude, which has made for high spending averages on a per person basis. In 1997, The National Longitudinal check over of Youth, found that the median amount of interchange that children pose from their parents for auxiliary spending is $50 dollars a week. This kind of spending money that children are given is what Pizza Hut wants to target with the native Pizza. However, children living at home are not the still o nes to have extra money to burn.A study on the spending habits of college freshmen also indicates a high percentage of money creation spent on non-essential items. The results showed that an average of $56 is spent periodical on eating out. This information on this segment of the market, gives Pizza Hut a window to offer a product that will draw off these customers who not only have the money to spend on such things as pizza, but who have done so in the past. In the past Pizza Hut has not specifically targeted the younger generations with products. They have created a more generic marketing plan, to attract a wide variety of customers. In order for this marketing strategy to work, Pizza Hut necessarily to target this on e segment of the market. The advertise and promotion needs to be very specific to their needs, in order for the money spent on advertizing to be worthwhile. Many products have failed in this segment because they have move to treat the segment as one group.This segment is made up of many groups and many individuals. This is part of the reason for society labeling generation X and Y members as losers and slackers. So with this in mind our advertising campaign must follow the same ideas by realizing that even within this segment there are many other segments. One feature film of these two generations, that makes them a prime target for our new ingrained pizza, is the amount of time that these age groups spend with friends in groups. With the lack of responsibilities that teenagers have, and the lack of home cooked meals while remote at college, pizza is a riotous alternative for dinner, and a fun way for friends to eat together. Pizza has long been targeted to families, because of the contraption that is present when serving pizza to a group.Teenagers and young adults spend quite a bit of time with friends in groups, whether it be in a dorm live or at parties. This gives Pizza Hut an outlet to sell a pizza that will fulfill the needs of this younger generation with a product that is intentional just for them. With the total number of Generation X and Y members being so high and the money they spend on non-essential items being as much as it is, this segment could make this product a huge success. However, this is a hard market to target since everyone is so different, but they all have one thing in common, there love for pizza. The most important factor in making this a success will be to blueprint advertising that is able to attract all of the individual segments of these generations.7)Marketing MixA)Product Pizza Hut should offer a new product called The fundamental pizza. The organic is a twenty-inch pizza with twice as much cheese and toppings as P izza Huts other pizzas. This new pizza will have many different competitive advantages. The first competitive advantage of The Extreme is that it is the largest pizza on the market. No other pizza restaurant offers a twenty-inch pizza. The piece competitive advantage is that it has more cheese and toppings than any other pizza on the market. Another competitive advantage is the Pizza Hut brand name. Pizza Hut has built a brand name that means quality products and services. Since Pizza Hut will be introducing The Extreme, customers will automatically think this is a high quality product. The final competitive advantage is that this product will be the first pizza to target Americas youth.The Extreme pizza will target Generation X and Generation Y or people between the ages of 12 and 30. This market purchases a lot of pizza each year, but very few pizza restaurants actually target them. The Extreme will be introduced on tiptop coil Sunday, 2001. During the introduction stage of the product bearing cycle, Pizza Hut will try to establish a market for the product and persuade early adopters to buy. During the growth stage, Pizza Hut will try to build sales and develop a option for the product. Pizza Hut will try to seekdifferentiation during the maturity stage. The Extreme is expected to begin to decline aft(prenominal) one year on the market.B)Price In the past, Pizza Hut has successfully used the high/low pricing strategy when setting the retail price of its products. The high/low retail pricing strategy allows Pizza Hut to charge a price that is above the competition, but also promote frequent sales to lower the price below them. The retail price of The Extreme pizza should be set at $9.99, which is higher than Pizza Huts competitors. some(prenominal) sales promotions and coupons will be used to lower the price below those competitors. Since both Pizza Hut and the beverage Mountain Dew are Pepsi subsidiaries, bundle pricing will be used. Customers can pur chase The Extreme for $9.99 and receive a two-liter bottle of Mountain Dew for free. Pizza Hut will be able to sell two products together at a single price to suggest a good value.The high/low pricing strategy has several advantages. First, this pricing strategy will help segment the market. incompatible groups of customers are willing to pay different prices for the same product. Pizza Hut can sell The Extreme to the customers who will pay the higher price to be the first to buy and also to the bargain hunters. The high/low pricing strategy will also create excitement. Customers will be able to try something new when they purchase The Extreme and this exciting experience whitethorn bring those customers back to purchase other products. Finally, this strategy will emphasize product and service quality. Pizza Hut sets a high initial price for its products to send a signal to customers that its products are quality and the service is excellent.C)Promotion The main theme that will be used to promote The Extreme is youth. Fun, excitement, danger, and even the term extreme all appeal to our target market. Mountain Dew, which has already successfully appealed to this target market, will be included in The Extreme promotions. The main promotion will be a coupon to purchase The Extreme for $9.99 and receive a free two-liter bottle of Mountain Dew. The objectives of this promotion are to introduce a new product, stimulate demand, change the short-term behavior of the customers, and encourage repeat or greater usage by current customers. This promotion will be distributed in the first place by mail, but also byfliers on college campuses around the country in order to reach the target market. The Extreme will be introduced on Super Bowl Sunday, 2001, in a television system commercial.Although Super Bowl television ads are high-ticket(prenominal), Pizza Hut has enough financial resources for one. This commercial will be homogeneous to the current Mountain Dew adverti sing campaign. Several young people will be performing exciting, high-risk activities such as snowboarding, rock climbing, and bungee jumping. The young people will then eat The Extreme and drink Mountain Dew. There will also be similar ads in magazines that are popular with the target market such as Surfer, Snowboarding, YM, and Maxim. This advertising campaign will create awareness of the new product in our target markets.D)Distribution The oddball of distribution channel used by Pizza Hut is the direct channel. The direct channel is successful when there is an passing large market that is geographically dispersed. The direct channel is also useful when there are a large number of buyers, but a small amount purchased by each. Pizza Hut uses terzetto different methods of selling its products directly to the market. The first method of distribution used by Pizza Hut is delivery. Customers can call Pizza Hut ahead of time, place an order, and the order is delivered to the customer s home. Another method of distribution is for customers to dine-in. Customers can go to the nearest Pizza Hut, place an order, and every leave with the order or eat at the restaurant. One of Pizza Huts largest competitive advantages is its restaurant elbow room facility. Pizza Hut offers a gaudy place to sit down and relish the variety of pizzas, salads, and sandwiches in a fun, family atmosphere. The third method of distribution is online ordering. Customers can now go on the Internet and place an order. This method is useful because it allows customers to view the full(a) menu, download any special coupons, and order without having to disclose any credit card numbers. The market coverage for The Extreme will be nationwide. Customers all over the country will be able to order The Extreme by one of the third distribution methods.8)Control StageFirst, we will terminus who will be responsible for the control measures we plan to take. The Marketing Vice hot seat in the Corporate Headquarters, the local/regional Marketing Vice Presidents and the Pizza Hut restaurant managers will all typify a role in being responsible for the control. Our success or failure will be determined in a couple of ways. One main way is to compare results to our objectives. If our objectives are not met, steps to meet them will be taken in the future. We will also look at profits, sales revenue, unit volume of the Extreme Pizza promotions used. If our budget allows, perhaps we could give a value to our customers and get some direct feedback about our new pizza. Ongoing research is essential for our success. Since our plan is for one year, we feel that every 3 months we should do some type of evaluation and control to see how we are doing. Also, during the maturity state of the product life cycle, we will improve the quality and severalise ourselves well from competitors. Hopefully, this process of control will be monitored on a monthly basis.9)Summary and ConclusionPizza Hut has a successful history of introducing new products to increase sales and reach new customers. This introduction of new products to the market on a regular basis is what makes Pizza Hut the leader in their industry. The level of success that the Extreme Pizza will bring Pizza Hut depends heavily on the correct promotions mix. As we had stated earlier, the segment of the market that we have targeted is a very diverse group. This means that the promotion of the product must be done in a diverse fashion. This will result in a more expensive advertising campaign than in past campaigns, but the potential for a successful product will cover the costs and bring in substantial profit.The advertising campaign is going to be budgeted to use 8% of projected sales. We are promise that the introduction of the Extreme Pizza will increase sales by 7%. This forecast is based upon other new products that Pizza Hut has introduced and the impact that they have had on Pizza Huts revenues. A 7% increase in sales for Pizza Hut will bring a total of $547 million dollars in revenue, making the advertising budget $43.76 million.This kind of advertising budget will allow for a mass media blitz of promotions featuring our new Extreme Pizza. Our target market spends many hours a day in front of the TV and computer, so the constant messages being played will allow our product to generate a high level of awareness.The advertising of the product is very important but the promotion of this product along side Mountain Dew will help to put our product in a more specific category. Mountain Dew has targeted our target market for several years and is by far one of the leaders in this market. With this in mind promotions with Mountain Dew will be crucial to the success of the Extreme Pizza. With competition being so strong in this industry the threat of imitation products will surely be a problem to be dealt with. Pizza Hut will however have the first mover advantage with this product. With the in stitution of imitation products into the market, Pizza Hut will have to adjust its mixes to accommodate change. The promotions may have to be bigger and better than the competition, or the product may need to be altered to give it that little bit of an edge over the competition.For example stuffing the crust with cheese or giving a free topping with the purchase would help give Pizza Hut an edge over the competition. Basically, Pizza Hut will need to pillow flexible in the maturity stages of the product life cycle in an crusade to continue to be the market leader. Overall, this is a product that is not much inappropriate any of the other new pizzas that Pizza Hut has introduced. What makes this new product so exciting is the marketing plan that is directing the product at a new segment. We are victorious a large pizza with a lot of toppings and marketing it as an Extreme Pizza to a generation of younger adults that are consumed by this marketing tool. This is what will make thi s a success. The mix of promotion and advertising we will be using will target a very profitable, sometimes overlooked market segment known as generations X and Y.