Research Paper Writing Tips For Students

<h1>Research Paper Writing Tips For Students</h1><p>In request to get acknowledged in an exploration paper composing rivalry, guarantee that you are presenting an elegantly composed postulation explanation. You may not imagine that composing a proposition articulation would expect you to be splendid and speedy at creating sentences, yet there is significantly more to your theory explanation than essentially expressing what is on your mind. When you have composed this archive, you have to adhere to the directions obviously and accurately, to guarantee that your proposition is prepared to submit when the opposition closes. With such a large number of understudies contending in such rivalries, it is thusly basic to concentrate on the significance of research paper composing for this particular area.</p><p></p><p>Thesis Statement Writing can be very troublesome and requires a great deal of scrupulousness. This causes it much progressively signifi cant that you to put time recorded as a hard copy this paper effectively. So as to accomplish the outcomes you need with this report, ensure that you read a great deal of assets, including famous diaries, to get thoughts and inspiration.</p><p></p><p>Before you start, it is a smart thought to write some exploration papers down. You can compose your proposal on these archives, in spite of the fact that it isn't necessary. At the point when you compose on a PC, you will find that your composing pace will expand, which can make the examination paper composing process simpler. Also, it is a smart thought to request that individuals survey your work before you hand it in.</p><p></p><p>While you are composing, you will need to focus on key subjects. These ought to be the principle zones that you have explored and set up to be the premise of your examination paper. Ensure that your exploration on key subjects incorporate a far reaching portra yal of the theme. You may find that there are holes in your data, yet you can fill these in with extra research.</p><p></p><p>After you have chosen a theme, you will need to make an examination paper. It is indispensable that you don't go amiss from this structure, or probably your paper will be dismissed. It is prudent to join an examination strategy, for example, surveys, polls and overviews into your exploration plan.</p><p></p><p>This is a critical piece of your proposal, as it portrays the examination techniques you utilized, and the conclusions you shaped. There is no reason for including measurable strategies on the off chance that you don't demonstrate where these originated from. By making an outline of your examination technique, it will be simpler for you to recollect how you got to the conclusion.</p><p></p><p>When composing your exploration paper, it is important to guarantee that it is efficient. E nsure that you incorporate every one of your sources, just as a blueprint of what each passage is about. There are likewise various research composing programming programs that will assist you with concocting the ideal diagram, and your data will stream more smoothly.</p><p></p><p>It is essential to take note of that there is no preferable or increasingly prominent sentiment over the assessment of the group. This implies you ought to consistently stand apart from the group by having your own assessment, rather than resembling every other person. To have your own view, compose examine papers in a way that is one of a kind and original.</p>

Research Paper On Low Income Families Topics

Research Paper On Low Income Families TopicsIn the field of research paper writing, there are two different areas you need to consider when you choose topics for your paper. One is in the selection of the topic. The other is in the choices for the supporting material. You will also have to look at the format and the lengths for the support section.The first thing you need to decide is what topic you want to write about. There are different categories that might interest you as a researcher. You can choose to focus on the current economy. The education of the children.You might also want to explore the true realities of what the topic is or can be. By the same token, if you are interested in covering a number of issues, you might want to study topics that are varied. This is why you should consider looking at a variety of topics before you make a decision.To narrow down your list of topics, you need to think about which topics are available for research on low income families. With a variety of papers to look at, you need to focus on the most relevant topics. Of course, if there are more issues you are interested in studying, you need to look at all the options and choose the one that best matches your needs.With that being said, if you are working with a set topic, this will dictate the overall research paper length. To help you, you need to consider how many issues and number of topics you want to cover. You may also want to study multiple topics in order to get the best quality of research.One of the issues you need to look at is the topic you choose. You need to consider if it is the right subject for your paper. Remember, if the topic is too complex, it might not be very easy to research.Once you have chosen the topic, you also need to determine how much support you need. This is important because this will determine how much you have to work with. If you want to focus on a specific topic, it will also help to make a background study on it so you can make a better presentation.Finally, you need to decide how long the paper will be. This is very important because this will determine how much time you will need to research the topic. Again, if you want to cover a number of topics, you will need to look at this factor. This will also help you make a good presentation on your topic.

Ideas For Writing An Essay On Different Topics For English Essay

Ideas For Writing An Essay On Different Topics For English EssayWhen writing an English essay, you will need to think about different topics for your essay. I will show you some examples and ideas on topics for English essay.Many people say that languages are diverse. They all have their own unique and individual character. If you think about it, even the different languages can have the same pronunciation. They all have the same structure and grammar. All you have to do is to use the different grammar of each language.Conversation is one of the most important and conversational areas that an English teacher should not forget to give attention to. Therefore, these areas should be the ones in which you are going to focus. They have different meanings and it's important to know them all. The most common topic that a teacher will use is the one on if a person could travel to any place in the world. This is the most important topic to include in the essay.I also know that this question i s asked by many students who have traveled to another country and made a new friend and even made it to the capital. If you ask these students, you will find out that many of them want to write about the new country and its people as well. Therefore, the topic could be something like that.You should know that if you don't include the countries that you are going to visit in your essay, it will not be as good as writing about one country alone. Therefore, you must include the country first and then it would be okay if you mentioned it again in the conclusion.Many students always like to write essays that contains a lot of grammar. For those of you who think that writing with grammar is not that important, think again.Writing an essay is like a real job and you can't just throw away any piece of paper and expect it to be able to get good grades because of that. However, there are many topics for English essay that you can choose from.

The Great Gatsby And The American Dream - 1514 Words

â€Å"They had spent a year in France, for no particular reason, and then drifted here and there unrestfully wherever people played polo and were rich together.† (Fitzgerald 17) Since as early as the 1920’s, perhaps even earlier, the United States of America was a beacon of hope - a symbol of prosperity and freedom - that everybody originating from countries that did not offer the same opportunities craved to experience. Innumerous historical events, like the great migration movements to Angel and Ellis Island, proved America’s status as the homeland for success. Yet, as literature pieces from the time demonstrate, like The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald, the great â€Å"American Dream† ideology had been watered down by social hierarchy and†¦show more content†¦That trend has only continued since the massive waves of immigration in the 1900’s, especially so with the latest President’s so publicly expressed anti-immigrant sentime nts, that have only fueled the fires of racism and discrimination. In reality there are no tangible things that bar those coming to America and residing in America from fulfilling their dreams, only their own negative beliefs spurred on by the beliefs of others. Things such as education, employment status and sexual orientation that had before constricted the advancement of success among those dreamers no longer restrict in this age of surging acceptance and tolerance. The term â€Å"American Dream† has becoming relative based upon what side of the compass an individual stands. Once upon a time, it was defined strictly based on wealth and height on the social ladder. As aforementioned, education is no longer a restricting factor when determining the outlook on someone s future; but it is also a motivator and a distinct aspect in many people’s own definition of their American Dream. Not everyone seeks to live in the United States to become wealthy by looting from others through way of employment, as hinted at by parochial Americans. Some come to the United States to escape crime, political unrest, religious persecution; and often pursue a greater education than can be provided inShow MoreRelatedThe American Dream : The Great Gatsby Essay1568 Words   |  7 PagesThe American Dream: The Great Gatsby The Great Gatsby is a tragic love story on the surface, but its most commonly understood as a suspicious critic of the American Dream. In the novel Jay Gatsby overcomes his poor past to gain an incredible amount of money and a limited amount of social cache of in the 1920s NYC, only to be rejected by the â€Å"old money† crowd. The focus of my paper would be the pathway towards the American Dream and how it affects the person and others around. The American dreamRead MoreThe Great Gatsby and the American Dream1401 Words   |  6 PagesThe Real American Dream Since its institution, the United States has been revered as the ultimate land of ceaseless opportunity. People all around the world immigrated to America to seek quick wealth, which was predominately seen in the new Modern era. Beginning in the late 1800s to the early 1900s, the period introduced progressive ideas into society and the arts. Accompanying these ideas was a loss of faith in the American Dream and the promise America once guaranteed, especially after WorldRead MoreThe Great Gatsby and the American Dream1442 Words   |  6 PagesPursuit of Happiness. This sentiment can be considered the foundation of the American Dream, the dream that everyone has the ability to become what he or she desires to be. While many people work to attain their American dream, others believe that the dream is seemingly impossible to reach, like F. Scott Fitzgerald. Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby examines the Jazz-Age generations search for the elusive American Dream of wealth and happiness and scrutinizes the consequences of that generationsRead MoreThe American Dream ( The Great Gatsby )1173 Words   |  5 PagesSLIDE. *POINTS TO PICTURE LIVING IN THE AMERICAN DREAM (THE GREAT GATSBY). Did anyone notice anything that caused a change in society between these two pictures? *POINTS TO SOMEONE WITH ONE OF THE ANSWERS TO THE QUIZ/QUESTION. READS OUT THE RAPID ECONOMIC BOOMING AND GREED. *NEXT SLIDE. That’s correct! During the 1920s of the Jazz Age in concurrence with the â€Å"Roaring Twenties†, America had experienced a rapid economic booming after World War I. The American society experienced an economic and politicalRead MoreThe Great Gatsby American Dream1414 Words   |  6 Pagesfilm is based on the novel by F. Scott Fitzgerald. It follows Jay Gatsby, a man who molds his life around one desire: to be reunited with Daisy Buchanan, the love he lost five years earlier. Gatsby s quest leads him from poverty to wealth, into the arms of his beloved, and eventually to death. Nick Caraway is the narrator, or storyteller, of The Great Gatsby, as well as Daisy s cousin who happens to live next door to Great Gatsby. Daisy represents the paragon of perfection. She has the aura of charmRead MoreThe Great Gatsby and the American Dream773 Words   |  3 Pagesimportant items. The American Dream is a huge achievement that everyone wants to reach. Whether people want to admi t it or not, it is a symbol all it’s self. It can be anything really, a great job, a family, white picket fence, even music or attending concerts of your favorite band. The American Dream is something that makes you so happy and what you can achieve or want achieve in your lifetime. The main AMerican Dream is money, a family, and happiness. In The Great Gatsby the american dream is a green lightRead MoreAmerican Dream In The Great Gatsby1366 Words   |  6 PagesThe American Dream has various implications for diverse individuals. For some people, the concept implies that one can accomplish his or her objectives and goals through living this dream. To others, it provides a beacon of hope, as an open door that individuals desperately desire to enter in pursuit of opportunities. The Americans after World War I, boosted by the emotions of the war, had an uncontrollable vigor about accomplishing and displaying an extravagant way of life and achieving a high socialRead MoreThe Ame rican Dream In The Great Gatsby1097 Words   |  5 PagesThe Great Gatsby The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald was one that was highly centralized around the American Dream. The American Dream is the belief that anyone can become successful in America if they worked hard enough. The dream did not discriminate anyone and that is why many people worked towards it. In the novel, it shows that not everyone was living the American Dream but were separated by the social classes of wealth, race, and intelligence. The 1920s in America was a roaringRead MoreThe Great Gatsby : The American Dream927 Words   |  4 Pages2017 The Poor Man’s Dream Many believe that America is the land of riches, where anyone can become rich and wealthy. This idea is known as the American Dream, a set of ideals in which freedom includes the opportunity for a successful living. However, this ethos is completely false, and is nothing more than exactly that - a dream. Throughout the award-winning work of F. Scott Fitzgerald, â€Å"The Great Gatsby†, he gathers criticism about the American Dream. He denounces the dream by shedding the lightRead MoreThe Great Gatsby And The American Dream1771 Words   |  8 Pages 5/30/17 Of Gatsby and His Unattainable Dream The American dream is a concept that has been wielded into American literature throughout history. Projecting the contrast between the American dream and reality, F. Scott Fitzgerald incorporates his opinions, primarily based off of his experiences and tribulations in World War I, throughout his literary works.Many people believe that deplorable moral and social values have evolved from the materialistic pursuit of the American dream especially throughout

Criminal Law Theory of the Fourth Amendment

Question: Describe about theCriminal Law for Theory of the Fourth Amendment?. Answer: The Honorable G. Fulton Assistant District Attorney Frederick County Dear Mr. Assistant District Attorney, On 8th April, I received a motion to suppress for the person named Con case no 1253, that there was the violation of Amendment fourth, fifth and sixth of the constitution. It was mention that the accused name was Con who was arrested and was not supported by the police against any rights. But according to the law we can state that there was no violation of Cons right regarding fourth, fifth and sixth amendment because the troop had information about regarding the Cocaine powder and there was also an complain received against him about assaulting Kim a female victim. So the troop arrested Con that night and there was a proper cause for searching Cons car so it doesnt violates his fourth amendment right, according to fifth amendment right the government can take anyones personal property in order to compensate a fair market value thus his car was searched and cocaines were seized which is illegal. There was no violation of sixth amendment right of Con because he was interrogated and pl ace in the district where crime has been committed. "Beck v. Ohio (Kerr, 2012). Cons identification outside the court is not violation of sixth here cause he was identified and place in the station within the district where the crime has been committed or rather where form the jurisdiction from where he was arrested. (Powe, 2013). The cocaine seized from Cons car is not the violation of his Fourth amendment right because there was information to the troop regarding the Cocaine and a complaint was also there against him. So according to fourth amendment right police can seize private property with proper cause as stated in Gideon v. Wainwright (Saetveit, 2016). As per the concern there is no amendment right of Con which has been violate. Thank you for your consideration. I look forward to hearing from you. Respectfully, SIGNATURE P. Wright 2.May 20th 2016 To The Honorable J Pattricks, Assistant District Attorney, Bigtown, Dear Mr. Assistant District Attorney, Memo of Arrest: Jim Agent an administrator in the drug enforcement department is investigating the case on information got to know that Susie Sunshine was cultivating marijuana hydroponically in nutrient enriched water; she was also convicted for 4years in the same case. He also admitted that he along with other DEA agents surveilled Sunshines property by air and got clues regarding marijuana cultivation (Pacula et al., 2014). Jim agent stated that marijuana cultivation which was done by Susie Sunshine was illegal so they searched her property through helicopter for a distance of 500-1000 feet. Here according to the fourth amendment agent cannot search the property without the permission of judge but cultivation of marijuana is illegal so police can search the property complying that there are proper causes and thus it was done by Agent and DEA. But here the cultivation was done by Sunshine in her private property so the Agent needs to take permission from the judge in writing in this regard Susie Sunshines right is violated. But as the investigation was done with proper cause on the information got from his informers there cannot be violation on fourth amendment right (Powe 2013). The confidential sources can be placed by Agent before the court of law in order to give the evidence that they heard from grapevine about the large amount of marijuana cultivation done by Susie Sunshine and the evidence can also be place by providing her previous criminal record for which she was convicted for 4 years due to the same reason. They are also regarded as evidence in the court of law because they are a part of investigation team. Thus an warrant can be issued against her in order to proceed with further investigation (Wandall 2015). As stated in the Case Law: Vernonia School District v. Acton 1995. The investigation done was based on the information of the informant this was a basic investigation done by the agent through helicopter which was legal. But the helicopters used were not based on issued warrant so here Susie Sunshines fourth amendment was violated as it was not based on issued warrant by the judge. The Agent in his favor can state that without helicopters investigation would have been completed, as the property where the cultivation was is a large firm. So, for further investigation an warrant is required against Susie sunshine as it will help in collecting more informations (Watts 2015). As stated in the Case laws: New Jersey v. T.L.O., 1985. Thanking you for your consideration and I looking forward to hear from you. Respectfully, SIGNATURE Jim Agent Reference List: Kerr, O. S. (2012). The Mosaic Theory of the Fourth Amendment. Pacula, R. L., Boustead, A. E., Hunt, P. (2014). Words can be deceiving: a review of variation among legally effective medical marijuana laws in the United States. Journal of drug policy analysis, 7(1), 1-19. Powe, L. A. (2013). October term 1963:The second American constitutional convention. Journal of Supreme Court History, 38(2), 194-206. Saetveit, K. (2016). Close Calls: Defining Courtroom Closures Under the Sixth Amendment. Stanford Law Review, 68(4), 897. Wandall, R. H. (2015). Trust and Legal Governance: A Case Study of Ethiopian Criminal Justice. Journal of Law and Society, 42(2), 283-307. Watts, G. W. (2015). Gonzales v. Raich: How to Fix a Mess of" Economic" Proportions. Akron Law Review, 40(3), 5.

Theme In A Raison In The Sun free essay sample

Essay, Research Paper Subject in the A Raisin in the Sun There are many subjects in A Raisin in the Sun. The this drama was written by, an African American, Lorraine Hansberry. The three subjects that stood out when I read the drama were ; household values, money International Relations and Security Network? T everything, life in poorness. The first and, I feel, most of import was the subject of household values. It was mentioned a batch how household values are passed on through coevalss. For illustration Mama was ever stating what her hubby was similar and what he would make. Family values were shown to be really strong in when it comes down to it. For illustration when Walter had that cat come over so that he could take the money but Walter ended up stating him to go forth. Mama was normally the 1 who reminded her household of the values they needed to express and follow. For illustration how she ever told Walter how to handle his married woman or how he told Beneatha ad Walter to halt reasoning so much. The following most of import, I think, is that money International Relations and Security Network? T everything. Family is more of import than money. Walter was traveling to take the money from the adult male for the house but decides that the felicity of his household is more of import than the money. Because money won? T last. For illustration Walter had all that money invested in the liquor thing and so it all got taken away but his household and the love from his household was still at that place. Besides money won? T be at that place when you need a shoulder to shout on or when you need person to speak to. For illustration when Walter loses all that money Mama amenitiess him and makes him believe it? s OK that the money? s gone. Another one of the major subjects is populating life in poorness. Populating life in poorness sometimes makes you frustrated and will do you move ill-mannered and objectionable with other people, including your household. For illustration when Walter started speaking about non holding any money he argued and yelled at this married woman, Ruth. Poverty can do you emphasize some of the more of import things in life. For illustration Mama may to hold much money before the heritage but she still stresses household values. Poverty ca do you covetous of what other people have. For illustration Walter is ever stating that he wants hour had money and a shop and the nice things that, rich, white people hold. The three subjects that stood out when I read the drama were ; household values, money International Relations and Security Network? T everything, life in poorness. All these issues are relevant in today? s society. This narrative is based on life in society and how life is, hence, the points and subjects it brings out are really closely related to the society of today.

The Role of Master in Commercial Law to Ship Operations for transportations of Goods by Seas. The WritePass Journal

The Role of Master in Commercial Law to Ship Operations for transportations of Goods by Seas. Introduction The Role of Master in Commercial Law to Ship Operations for transportations of Goods by Seas. IntroductionQ 1.Q.2Q.3BIBLIOGRAPHY: References fromRelated Introduction Q 1. As a Common Carrier the ship Owners/Master are absolutely responsible for the safe carriage of the Goods and for the delivery of a same, without un-reasonable delay, at the destination in the same Apparent Order and a Condition as was received. The contractual obligations of the Carrier, where in the an Owner/Master are responsible under the various governing Charter Party Terms and conditions would a be obliged to comply with the clauses of Carriage of a Goods under COGSA 71/92, Hague-Visby Rules. Lay can (Lay time and Cancellation)   it is the period where lay days commencement and a cancellation for an agreed terms and conditions of Cargo/Goods Transportation by Sea. Demurrage  Ã‚     is the monetary value payable to the owner of the ship for any delay or extra time the vessel would be kept under the charter for which the owner is not responsible in loading and/or discharging operation after the lay time period. On demurrage will mean that the lay time has expired and unless the charter party has at expressly provide to the contrary the time on demurrage will not be a subject to the lay time exceptions. Once on demurrage always on demurrage clause may apply. ‘’Reference from notes page 2 STC’’ Dispatch   it is the charges paid by the owner of the ship to the charter, a usually half of the demurrage rate, could be called as an incentive for a charterer to load and discharge faster a than lay time allowance. ‘’Reference from notes page 3 stc’’ ‘’Owners are obliged to exercise due a diligence to ensure that she is an sea worthy vessel at all the times of’’ As per the a Hague-Visby rules Article III with respect to the liability and responsibilities compensation the carrier is bound through out the voyage to an exercise of due diligence to make the vessel sea worthy and properly equipped, a manned and supply in stores the ship requires and the cargo spaces would be made fit for Cargo reception, a carriage and delivery. And as per the Article IV it states that a if the carrier is un liable for the loss or the damage resulting or arising due to un-sea worthiness at en-route unless caused by want of due diligence on the part of carrier to a make the accident in manner confronting with the of conditions. In paragraph 1 of Article III of â€Å"any damage or loss resulted from un-sea worthiness the burden of proving the exercise of due diligence will a be up to the carrier or those persons claiming exemption an under this article â€Å"college notes reference’ Reference from college notes page 1 , 2010 â€Å"carriage of goods by sea en acted 1971 and amended there on, applies to any contract, for COGSA in ships from a UK port which provides for the issue of a OBL or similar document of Title; any OBL’s if contract in or evidence by it expressly provides that the amended HRV shall govern the contract; any non-negotiable receipt, marked, if it expressly provides that the rules are to govern the contract as were an OBL†. â€Å" Article X says rules apply to every bill of lading relating to the carriage of goods between ports in two different states if, the bill is issued in a contracting state or; the carriage is from a port in contracting state; the contract contained in or evidence by the bill provides that the rules, or legislation of any state giving effect to them, are to govern the contract, whatever may be the nationality of the ship, the carrier, the shipper, the consignee, or any other interested person†. College notes Reference: hand out, STC â€Å"English law relating to bills of lading, rights and/or duties of the carrier, S1 (2) COGSA 1971 gives the force of a law to the HVR, as appended to the Act. Burden of proof un-seaworthiness – claimant as to a lack of seaworthiness of vessel at the relevant time (damage to cargo is prima facie evidence) claimant that un-seaworthiness a was proximate cause for damage to the goods, a rather than excluded peril. Carrier as to damage caused by excluded peril at sea. Carrier has duty of to due diligence had been fulfilled as per Article IV (1) HVR, carrier can a still claim ‘limitation of liability†Ã¢â‚¬  Rotterdam rule, Hamburg rule, Hague rules, review into HVR, a Hamburg rules would be applicable if Bill lading issued in the port of a contracting states Article X (a) as mentioned in the contracting agreement. In this case, the carrier because of a malfunction of statutory equipment probably makes the ship un sea worthy and henceforth the subjugated carrier liability and therefore there was a   breach of a contractual carriage under COGSA therefore vessel will be held liable responsible under Hague-Visby Rules III for damage of goods in clause. A Bills of lading in Original (OBL’) with out an endorsement by ship, the OBL now is a clean which entitles   a benefit or privilege to shipper receivers that goods are in good condition and same to delivered at the discharge port. The issue of clean OBL allows the charter/ receiver to pursue a claim against the carrier for the rusty pipes, and/or short landing of the cargo, because OBL are not appropriately remarked or re-written now says the cargo that is to be discharge at the Korean port would be in good condition, as per clean OBL’. LOI does not have court of law sustained. The G/C vessel Master should have brought Steel Pipes stained matter to the attention of the owner immediately, but his neglect or over look, has this mitigate in owners profit, restricts the ship owner from claiming any protection against the loss with respect to claim of the cargo which may arise. The master of the ship should have with due diligence requested the owner for a separate or independent surveyor to inspect the cargo loading operation. This could have saved the ship owner from the claims at future stages as legal aspects are taken care. Or the second option was the master should have clause the OBL, or should have recorded that the cargo was rusted supported, his statement with photographic evidence or note of protest with proofs and witness statement with letter of protest by Telex informing all parties concerned. During the survey at Port of Refugee (whilst Dry Docking) un seaworthiness were proved as vessel sailed with the Radar equipment not working, as per the SOLAS and the certification of statutory requirement this clearly indicates that the master and the owner choose not shown due diligence for compliance regulations. Company and master knew about the faulty Radar and in the later part one of the probable reason resulting in collision with container ship, the un seaworthiness of own ship may   deny the owner from General Average contribution from the owners of the cargo, if any jettison of undertaken, under P n I, H M covers. The container vessel which was short manned would also be under scanner before claims for as the both the vessels would to be blamed for the incidence that took place. The owners will be subject to the claims from the receivers/charterers, and both the vessels to be blamed for the accident and claim from ship owners been taken up and such claims for the damages from either ends and the case is in Arbitration for resolve and insurers. Reference from: The shipmasters business companion- Malcolm Mac Lachlan, 2004 edition Commercial Management Shipmasters- Robert L. Q.2 â€Å"Salvage involves the provision of services to maritime property in danger that result in the saving or partial saving of that property thus entitling the provider to a reward. Works under common law, statutory law, contract law† reference from hand out STC page 1 of 2010 â€Å"page 5 two types of agreement , one services rendered on the basis of ordinary tariff, fixed amount, daily rate, second is services rendered on the basis that remuneration will be settled later, whether by agreement or arbitration or court. LOF 2000, salvor may use SCOPIC clause, this agreement is made in easy manner, not likely to be disputed, no cure no pay, English Law applies, salvor will be awarded, underwriters liability can not be increased beyond that for total loss, excessive claims by salvors avoided. General Average â€Å"there is a GA when, and only when, any extraordinary sacrifice or expenditure is intentionally and reasonably made or incurred for the common safety for the purpose of preserving from peril the property involved in a common maritime adventure’’ reference from college notes STC page 2010 The jettison cargo on Container ship, sacrifice was intentional for preserving the property therefore she is eligible for General Average, the cost of the lost, damaged cargo claimed from the insurer as per prior agreed terms. Hull and Machinery will cover the loss incurred of the hull damaged which was caused because of collision if and so, as is an un intentional act and will come under Particular Average. If the master of both the ships have taken reasonable precautions then it would have been sufficient to mitigate the losses the ship owner. The company would have loss incurred due to salvage under LOF or daily hire, General   Average as far as it complies with clause, HM and P+I insurers would cover only their parts they are agreed upon. Where as the evidences has proved that the container vessel sailed in seaworthy condition but a day before the accident of their Sec/officer was evacuated on medical grounds and made short manned, which was un foreseen or un planned. This short manning has caused fatigue and might be resulted in the non compliance of STCW 95 chapter VIII and require to have an exemption certificate copy onboard prior arrival next port. Both the vessel has to exchange the particular information as per MSA 95 sec 92. Duty of ship to assist the other in case of collision. If Owner/master proves that she has exercised due diligence, will be paid by the cargo insurers of the shipper and if she has not done the same then will lieu under PA and the cargo insurer will be claimed against by the shipper cargo specific damage/ lost cargo who in turn will claim the same from the from P+I Swedish club or from the ship owner and the hull damage, will be covered by is 3/4th RDC by HM , and 1/4th by P+I reference from college handout Particular Average (PA) Losses caused by accident are said to lie where they fall viz., the owner of the property bears the loss, though cargo owners have right against carriers. Protection and Indemnity insurance provides their ship owners and charterers members with incident and claims handling services through a world wide network of correspondent. P and I clubs are those non profits making organization which is a joint venture between shipping companies; it offers the ship owners the coverage against the risks which are not covered by the Hull and Machinery. Hull and Machinery under writers under marine insurance act 1906 the principle would be insurable interest, utmost good faith, proximate cause, indemnity, subrogation. Insurance covers the hull and machinery of the insured ship against certain peril, clause as ‘inchmaree’ viz., peril of the sea, piracy, fire, 3/4th of run down clause, the ship owners proportion of salvage, ship owners contribution of GA. Q.3 Reference notes commercial management page 28 ‘‘Salvage in marine is a method used for rescuing a vessel, goods, or any ship property from peril. It encompasses rescue towing, re-floating a incident prone boat, or repairing a vessel, environmental protection as main motto due to from cargos’’. The positive aspects of LOF2000, it is a No Cure No Pay agreement and is not likely to be disputed and the disputes will be referred to arbitration. Negative point is could end up expensive. Time factor put the master in an defensive position or puts him in hesitant position to make a decision, so considering the safety of crew, environment, inform the owners and can go ahead with the LOF, where agreement can be sort by phone/vhf as well. In view of the incident the master of general cargo ship choose the LOF, which could be considered as a Right move for this scenario. And save a lot of time and further catastrophes. This has increase the percentage of positive out come in sights of crew safety and environment hazard, and property loss. Since own vessel due to collision had severe damage to hull and ingress of water. There was immediate requirement of assistance as there was threat to life, environment and property and limited time for negotiations/bargains. Vessels owner to be kept posted with all the developments by the masters of both vessels, while under salvage / towage. The container vessels decision to go for Daily hire is the probable most best suited towage option could be choose as her extent of damage is minor and had reasonable time for negotiations and select the best established salvor to have a safe operation. All entry formalities to be considered prior arrival to the port of refuge namely, Agents, Customs, Immigrations, PSC, P+I, Quarantine, ISPS, with all possible evidence regarding the incident. MAIB would be informed within 24 hours of arrival to port. Both the vessels were taken to port of refuge, and after a thorough inspection of repairs carry out the class and insurers would be issuing an interim certificate. All the necessary information of ship to send to the Owner and the Insurance company. Complete all the out ward clearance port formalities. Vessel’s can sail to the port of destination. BIBLIOGRAPHY: References from a) STC handout and materials b) The shipmasters business companion- Malcolm Mac Lachlana, 4th Ed 2004 c) Commercial Management Shipmasters- Robert L. tallacka. d) Shipping law by Chlorey Giless (8th edition) e) Business and Law for the Shipmasters by F.N.Hopkinns (7th edition). f) www.marine-salvage.com; marineclaimsconference.com/2010/index.html g) www.sailor today.com/maib.com